does overfishing promote algal blooms? - European Parliament PDF
Preview does overfishing promote algal blooms? - European Parliament
DRAFPTR !E D-RREALFETA !S DER! PARFTE -!R DERLAEAFTS E! !D PRRAEF-TR E! LDERAASFET! Directorate-General For internal Policies POLICY DEPARTMENT B STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES Directorate-General For internal Policies POLICY DEPARTMENT B AgricultureA agnricdu lRtuurer aanld D Rueravle Dleoveplompmeenntt STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES CCuullttuurreeC aaulnntuddre EE anddduu Eccdaaucttaiitooionnn Role The Policy Departments are research units that provide specialised advice FishFisehreireiess to committees, inter-parliamentary delegations and other parliamentary bodies. RegionaRle gDioenvale Dleoveplompmeenntt Policy Areas TranspoTrratn aspnordt aTnod uToruirsismm Agriculture and Rural Development Culture and Education Fisheries Regional Development Transport and Tourism Documents Visit the European Parliament website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies PHOTO CREDIT: iStock International Inc., Photodisk, Phovoir DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES FISHERIES DOES OVERFISHING PROMOTE ALGAL BLOOMS? NOTE This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries. AUTHOR Britas Klemens ERIKSSON Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen The Netherlands RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Irina POPESCU Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Virginija KELMELYTE LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN Translations: DE, ES, FR, IT, PT ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in November 2011. Brussels, © European Parliament, 2011. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES FISHERIES DOES OVERFISHING PROMOTE ALGAL BLOOMS? NOTE Abstract This note provides scientific evidence for a connection between overfishing and the development of algal blooms, and presents several European case-studies supporting this hypothesis. Overfishing has contributed to the increasing problem of algal blooms in Europe. Over- exploitation of offshore stocks has changed the structure of many marine ecosystems, which has promoted the accumulation of algal biomass. Today, detrimental effects of overfishing on offshore food webs are spreading to coastal ecosystems, causing problems with near shore water quality and habitat loss. IP/B/PECH/IC/2011-105 November 2011 PE 474.461 EN Does overfishing promote algal blooms? CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF FIGURES 7 LIST OF TABLES 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1. INTRODUCTION 15 2. TYPES AND EFFECTS OF ALGAL BLOOMS 19 2.1. What are algal blooms? 19 2.2. Ecological effects of algal blooms 19 2.3. Harmful algal groups 20 2.4. General societal problems and costs 22 2.5. Specific effects on fisheries in Europe 23 3. THE ECOLOGY OF ALGAL BLOOMS 27 3.1. A natural process that increases in frequency with eutrophication 27 3.2. Nutrients and grazing together control algal bloom development 30 3.3. Decreases in top predatory fish coincide with increases in algae 32 3.4. Trophic cascades depend on resources and predator diversity 33 4. DOES OVERFISHING CONTRIBUTE TO ALGAL BLOOMS IN EUROPE? 37 4.1. Modelling effects of overfishing and eutrophication 37 4.2. The North Sea case study 40 4.3. The Black Sea case study 42 4.4. The Kattegat case study 46 4.5. The Baltic Sea – offshore case study 49 4.6. The Baltic Sea – coastal case study 53 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 57 REFERENCES 61 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies 4 Does overfishing promote algal blooms? LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASP Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning CFP Ciguatera Fish Poisoning CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort DSP Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning EBM Ecosystem-Based Management FK Fish Killing algal blooms GLM General Linear Model HAB Harmful Algal Bloom HBT High Biomass Toxic algal blooms HBNT High Biomass Non-Toxic algal blooms NAO North Atlantic Oscillation PSP Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning NSP Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning ST Seafood Toxic algal blooms 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies 6
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