documentation of indigenous antiparasitic practices and scientific evaluation of some

116 Pages·2011·0.95 MB·English

DOCUMENTATION OF INDIGENOUS ANTIPARASITIC
PRACTICES AND SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF SOME
ETHNOBOTANICALS FOR THEIR ANTHELMINTIC
ACTIVITY

By

Nadeem Badar
Reg. # 91-ag-750

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

PARASITOLOGY

FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
2011
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that contents of the thesis, “Documentation of indigenous
antiparasitic practices and scientific evaluation of some ethnobotanicals for their
anthelmintic activity” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from
any published source (except the references, some standard mathematical or genetic models/
equations/protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of
any other diploma/degree. The university may take action if the information provided is
found inaccurate at any stage. (In case of any default the scholar will be proceeded against as
per HEC plagiarism policy).

_____________________
Signature of the Student
Name: Nadeem Badar
Reg. No. 91-ag-750
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I am thankful to my Allah Who enabled me to collect and to
contribute my findings in the existing scientific knowledge. Then I record my
deep sense of gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal,
Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for his
constant encouragement and inspiring guidance throughout my postgraduate
period. I have no appropriate words that fully convey the sense of immense
thanks and deep gratitude that I owe to my respectable committee members
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nisar Khan, Chairman, Department of Parasitology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad and Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shoaib Akhtar
for their kind supervision and affections. I am grateful to the Lab. Attendants
and those who co-operated with me during data collection.
I can not forget the prayers and encouragement of my affectionate
parents who always supported me throughout my life and I am also thankful to
the higher education commission (HEC) of Pakistan for partial funding of this
project.

Nadeem Badar
CONTENTS

Chapter No. Contents Page No.
LIST OF TABLES i
FIGURE iii
APPENDIX iii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 18
4 RESULTS 27
5 DISCUSSION 54
6 SUMMARY 73
7 REFERENCES 75
LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Content Page
No.
1 Plants used as anthelmintics 4
2 Plants used as antiprotozoals 9
3 Plants used as insecticides 12
4 Plants used as acaricides 14
5 Tests/assays for scientific activity evaluation of different 16
ethnobotanicals
6 Plants selected for anthelmintic activity 22
7 Layout plan for crude powder and crude aqueous methanolic extract of 25
Acacia nilotica (Bark & Leaves), Vitex negundo (seeds) and Arundo
donax (leaves) given to different groups of sheep naturally infected
with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes
8 Layout plan for crude powder and crude aqueous methanolic extract of 25
Amomum subulatum (Fruit) given to different groups of sheep naturally
infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes
9 Layout plan for crude powder and crude aqueous methanolic extract of 26
Areca catechu (seeds) and Ferula assa-foetida (latex) given to different
groups of sheep naturally infected with mixed species of
gastrointestinal nematodes
10 Botanical, local and English names of the plants documented from 27
district Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan) for their use in ethnoveterinary
medicine
11 Name of plants, representing families and frequency of their usage in 28
ethnoveterinary medicine in district Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan)
12 Top ten most frequently reported plants for their usage in 29
ethnoveterinary medicine in Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan)
13 Inventory of plants used for the treatment of different diseases/ 30
conditions of livestock reported by the local respondents in Jhang
(Punjab, Pakistan)
14 Number and nature of EVM practices for different diseases/conditions 35
documented from Jhang (Punjab, Pakistan)
15 Plants, diversity of their usage and contribution in total number of 36
EVM practices for different diseases/conditions of livestock in Jhang
(Punjab, Pakistan)
16 In vitro effect of crude aqueous methanol extracts of different plants on 39
survival of H. contortus of sheep in comparison with Levamisole
17 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 40
of Ferula assa-foetida on survival of H. contortus of sheep in
comparison with Levamisole
i
LIST OF TABLES…continued

Table No. Content Page
No.
18 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 41
of Acacia nilotica bark on survival of H. contortus of sheep in
comparison with Levamisole
19 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 42
of Areca catechu on survival of H. contortus of sheep in comparison
with Levamisole
20 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 43
of Amomum subulatum on survival of H. contortus of sheep in
comparison with Levamisole
21 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 44
of Vitex negundo on survival of H. contortus of sheep in comparison
with Levamisole
22 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 45
of Acacia nilotica leaves on survival of H. contortus of sheep in
comparison with Levamisole
23 In vitro effect of different fractions of crude aqueous methanol extracts 46
of Arundo donax on survival of H. contortus of sheep in comparison
with Levamisole
24 Ranking of efficacy of different fractions of plants against H. contortus 46
25 Percent egg hatch and LC of crude aqueous methanol extracts and 47
50
fractions of different plants
26 Top 10 highly ovicidal plant crude aqueous methanol extracts and/or 48
fractions in comparison with control
27 Regression values and correlation of regression of the effect of 49
different plants on egg hatching
28 Top 10 plant crude aqueous methanol extracts and/or fractions having 50
best dose dependant ovicidal effects
29 Effect of crude powder and crude methanol extracts of different plants 51
on eggs per gram of feces (Mean±SEM) in sheep naturally infected
with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes in comparison with
untreated and levamisole treated animals
30 Efficacy ranking based on reduction in faucal egg counts as on day 12 52
post-treatment (PT) of crude powder and crude methanol extract of
different plants
31 Ranking of efficacy of different CAME/fractions of plants based on 53
three tests employed in the study

ii
FIGURE

Fig. No. Content Page
No.
1 Map of Pakistan showing the study area 19

APPENDIX

Appendix Content Page
No. No.
1 List of private Livestock farms included in the study 25

iii
Chapter # 1
Introduction
Livestock production depends on the feed supplies, good health coverage and
appropriate animal husbandry practices. Many climatic and casual factors are experiencing high
degree of parasitic attack and plague on them resulting in their decreased longevity,
survivorship, infertility and productivity. The productive and reproductive potential of domestic
livestock is adversely affected because of clinical and sub-clinical infections. All the ailments
afflicting animals are counterproductive. Gastrointestinal helminthiasis (especially nematodosis)
is, however, of high economic significance in view of its insidious nature and easy
transmissibility due to under feeding, availability of a wide variety of hosts, vectors,
inadequate/low level of awareness and animal health cover.
For centuries, most of the human and animal population in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent
has relied on a system of traditional medicine. The traditional medicine system prevailing in this
area is also termed as Eastern Medicine, Unani Medicine, Islamic Medicine or Ethno-medicine.
Ethno-veterinary medicine (EVM) is the traditional system of maintaining animal health and
curing diseases of animals that is based on folk beliefs and traditional knowledge, skills,
methods and practices (Mathias-Mundy and McCorkle, 1989). EVM is a traditional system that
local people, through trial-and-error and also deliberate experimentation, developed to keep their
animals healthy and productive. Though, this old method of treatment has been replaced by
allopathy in some parts of globe (Tabuti et al., 2003), yet it is contributing significantly in
improving the animal health in developing countries. It can play a very important role in
sustainable veterinary medicine in modern world (Lin et al., 2003), especially in Indian
subcontinent due to various benefits associated with this method of treatment, e.g. lower cost,
greater accessibility and apparent efficacy (Mwale et al., 2005). Tradition of EVM is very old in
Indo-Pakistan region and it is evident from its documentation in the form of Rig-veda (from
4500 to 1600 BC) and Ayurveda from 2500 to 600 BC (from Zaman and Khan, 1972;
Somvanshi, 2006). Old books and scriptures of 2350 BC like; Agni Purana, Skanda Purana,
Matsya Purana, Devi Purana, Garuda Purana and Linga Purana describes the documentation of
phytotherapy for treatment of different diseases of animals (Somvanshi, 2006).
Majority of the EVM surveys and validation studies indicate much wider and effective
use of plants as anthelmintics compared with other diseases/conditions (Iqbal et al., 2004, 2005,
2006, 2006a,b,c; Jabbar et al., 2007; Hussain et al., 2008). The tremendous use of plants as
anthelmintics for the treatment of helminthiasis is attributed to its high prevalence and heavy
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production losses in third world countries (FAO, 1974; Dhar et al., 1982; Ibrahim et al., 1984;
Ashraf, 1985; Waller, 1987; Sykes, 1994; Kochapakdee et al., 1995; Perry and Randolph, 1999),
for example, Pakistan (Iqbal et al., 1993; Qayyum, 1996). Furthermore, development of
anthelmintic resistance (Waller and Prichard, 1985) in nematodes against almost all anthelmintic
groups, commonly being used in these countries and problem of chemical residues in animal
products (Kaemmerer and Butenkotter, 1973) have also motivated scientists from developed
countries to screen the medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity.
Indigenous knowledge of cure and treatment of animals using medicinal plants and other
products has passed on from one generation to next and it greatly varies from one region to the
other, depending upon availability of local plants and ethnic groups living in a particular area. In
Pakistan, a large variety of medicinal plants is abundantly available, and most of them are being
used by local healers for therapeutic purposes without specific knowledge of their active
ingredients. There is an urgent need to document this important knowledge in different areas of
Pakistan, before its disappearance due to rapid socio-economic, technological and environmental
changes. To date, very little work has been done on documentation of EVM in Pakistan (Jabbar
et al., 2007; Hussain et al., 2008; Dilshad et al., 2008) in contrast to other countries, like; India
(Savithramma et al., 2007), Tanzania (Sheila et al., 2007), Brazil (Albuquerque et al., 2007),
Nigeria (Kola et al., 2008), Ethiopia (Wondimu et al., 2007) and Indonesia (Mahyar et al., 1991;
Katrin et al., 2008).
Above considerations led to the development of proposal for this study. The objectives
of the present study were to (i) document the ethno-veterinary practices with particular reference
to the antiparasitic practices in some selected parts of District Jhang (Pakistan), and (ii) validate
the claims of local healers regarding anthelmintic activity of some plants in animals.
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Chapter # 2
Review of Literature
As stated by Schillhorn van Veen (1997), most of the history of animal husbandry,
farmers and herders has relied on traditionally derived practices in management and health.
Origin of the modern veterinary medicine can be traced in traditional veterinary medicine of
India, Middle East and China. For example in 1800 BC King Hammurabi of Babylon laid out
laws concerning the veterinarian’s fee for treating cattle and donkeys. Records about animal
health can be found in the Rock Edict II of King Ashoka (269-232 BC) because cattle and other
animals were worshiped by early Buddhist in Indian region. It has been reported that hospitals
for animals were established in this era, and later Egypt, Arabia and China developed into
centers of veterinary knowledge (quoted by Lodrick, 1981). Globally, old age men are the
custodians of EVM knowledge. Unfortunately, however, traditional knowledge of medicinal
plants is vanishing due to loss of these octogenarians, dying with their knowledge unrecorded
(Cox, 2000). These octogenarians were self made botanist due to deep knowledge of their
ecosystems, who could name virtually every plant found on their land.
In this backdrop, documentation of EVM is helpful in understanding its scientific
rationale, growth of new concepts and adaptation percent of modern technologies. It is also of
great importance in increasing awareness among the youngsters, developing appreciation for the
traditional knowledge and renewing pride among the farming community and identifying the
medicinal plants (Makhubu, 1998; Cox, 2000). EVM is helpful in animal health care and
maintenance of the productivity of animals, which has evolved through observation, trial and
error, perfecting the techniques based on the experiences gathered through experimentation, and
handling the resulting information down from one generation to the next (McCorkle, 1995).
Over centuries, people have developed alternative ways to treat different ailments of animals due
to high cost of synthetic drugs, inaccessibility, and side effects associated with modern drugs
(Kumar, 2002). Unfortunately, however, EVM practices are scarcely documented and much of
this valuable knowledge has lost, as it passes from one generation to the other by verbal
communication (Mathias, 2001). That is why there is an inherent danger of losing this valuable
veterinary knowledge.
Documentation also provides country's geographical indications and rights thereupon
for avoiding patent debate. Traditional bioprospecting provide the basis for ethno medicine and
ethno veterinary practices (Ole-Miaron, 1997), which are an integral part of people’s culture
(Brandt et al., 1995). For a very long time, modern bioprospecting, which depends on scientific
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