doctor of philosophy in agronomy

161 Pages·2015·1.4 MB·English

Evaluation of precision-conservation agriculture
based practices for resource use efficiency and carbon
footprints in maize-wheat cropping system
By
RAM DHAN JAT
(2011A9D)
Thesis submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana
Agricultural University in the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
DDOOCCTTOORR OOFF PPHHIILLOOSSOOPPHHYY
IINN
AAGGRROONNOOMMYY
CCOOLLLLEEGGEE OOFF AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURREE
CCCCSS HHAARRYYAANNAA AAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURRAALL UUNNIIVVEERRSSIITTYY
HHIISSAARR –– 112255000044 ((HHAARRYYAANNAA))
2015
CERTIFICATE-I
This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Evaluation of precision-conservation agriculture
based practices for resource use efficiency and carbon footprints in maize-wheat
cropping system” submitted for the degree of Ph. D in the subject of Agronomy of the
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar is a bonafide research
work carried out by Mr. Ram Dhan Jat under my supervision and that no part of the thesis
has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.
Dr. R.K. Nanwal
Major Advisor
Department of Agronomy
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar.
CERTIFICATE-II
This is to certify that this thesis entitled “Evaluation of precision-conservation agriculture
based practices for resource use efficiency and carbon footprints in maize-wheat
cropping system” submitted by Mr. Ram Dhan Jat to the Chaudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Ph. D in the subject of Agronomy has been approved by the student's advisory
committee after an oral examination on the same.
MAJOR ADVISOR
(R K Nanwal)
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DEAN, POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“No bird can soar too high if it soars with its own wings……….”. So I express my deep sense of gratitude
with reverence to Dr. R.K. Nanwal, Professor, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar, the major
advisor of my advisory committee for sagacious guidance and intellectual stimulation throughout the
present study and in preparation of this manuscript. His scholarly suggestions, prudent adomitions,
sustained interest, ungrudging help and affectionate behaviour have been a fountain of great inspiration to
me.
I owe my heartiest and sincere acknowledgements to Dr. M.L. Jat, Sr. Cropping system agronomist,
CIMMYT India, New Delhi, (external member)for his very active interactions, suggestions and feedback.
I am grateful to my Co-Major Advisor, Dr. Jagdev Singh, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy
for his continued support and encouragement throughout the whole period of my research. His timely
guidance and suggestions cannot pass without mention.
I esteem it a privilege to record my profound sense of gratitude to Dr.G. S. YADAV(Dean, PGS nominee),
Professor, Department of Entomologyand also tothe members of my advisory committee,Dr PS Sangwan
, Department of Soil Science, Dr Raj Singh, Department of Ag. Meteorology for providing enthusiastic
encouragement, valuable guidance, suggestions and ready help during the entire course of investigation.
My esteem and special acknowledgements are to Dr. R. K. Pannu, Dean, Collage of agriculture, Dr. R. P.
Narwal, Ex. Director Reaserch and Dr. Satish Kumar, Associate Dean PGS and all other member of the
faculty.
Disction is not enough to express my cordial appreciation to Dr R. K. Malik, Senior Agronomist and
CSISA objective-1 Leader, CIMMYT India, Dr. H.S. Jat, Scientist, (CSISA) CIMMYT India, Dr R. K.
Jat, Scientist (BISA) CIMMYT India, Dr. Tek Sapkota, PDF, CIMMYT India, Dr. Dalip Bishnoi,
Scientist, CCS HAU, Hisar, Mr. Anil Kumar Bana, Department of Agriculture, Gove. of Punjab, Dr.
Ajay,Scientist, (CSISA) CIMMYT India, Dr. S.L. Jat, Scientist, DMRandDr B. R. Komboj,CCS HAU,
Hisarfor their everlasting support and help during the research work and preparation of the manuscrip.
I sincerely acknowledge with heartfelt to all my friends, especially Kamla,Dr H. R. Nitharwal, Dr R. L.
Choudhary,R. S. Dadarwal,A.K.Yadav, J.M.Sutaliya, Kailash Ji, Love, Babu, Kajod,Suresh, Vipin Ji,
Rajiv Ji, Parbhat Ji, Vijay, Vikash Ji, Kapil, Mithlesh and Kiran whose cooperation and help in various
ways brought this task to completion.
I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my revered parents for their unconditional support in the
difficult path of life. Every bit ofwhat I am today, I owe it all to them. They are truly reflection of god to
me. Setting them as idol, I hope to follow in their footsteps and give meaning to life. I owe special thanks
to my brother Laxman Ram Jat and my sisters Prem and Santosh for his good wishes bestowed on me to
brighten my future.
The most cordial appreciation goes to my beloved spouse Mrs. Prem Sunda and my Daughter Ms. Neha
Sunda & Son Master Ankit Sunda and I feel pleasure to express my love and affection to my nephews
Hanshu, Kavita, Guda and Aditay whose smiles paved a way full of roses for me and will go on motivating
me for a delightful future.
Financial assistance rendered by CIMMYT-CCAFSin the form of fellowship and supporting my doctorial
research is thankfully acknowledged
All may not have been mentioned, but none is forgotten.
Last but not least, a million thanks to Almighty GOD, JAI BAJRANG BALI, who made me this task and
made every job a success.
Place: Hisar R. D. Jat
Date:21st August 2015
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS TITLE PAGES
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-14
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 15-39
IV RESULTS 40-115
V DISCUSSION 116-127
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 128-132
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-xii
APPENDICES (COST OF DIFFERENT INPUTS) I-IV
LIST OFTABLES
Table
Particulars Page No.
No.
3.1 Monthly variations in weather conditions during June 2012 to May 2013. 16
3.2 Monthly variations in weather conditions during June 2013 to May 2014. 17
3.3 Physico-chemical properties of soil at the experimentalsite. 18
The amount of different crops residue (t ha-1) retained/ incorporated on the 22
3.4
surface after grain harvest.
Nutrient applied (kg/ha) in maize crop under different nutrient management 24
3.5
practices
3.6 Schedule of field operationsduring experimentation in maize. 25
Nutrient applied (kg/ha) in maize crop under different nutrient management 27
3.7
practices
3.8 Schedule of field operations during experimentation in wheat. 28
3.9 Schedule of field operations during experimentationin green gram. 30
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on No. of 41
4.1
Plants/m. r. l. of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on plant height 42
4.2
(cm) of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on dry matter 43
4.3
accumulation (g/plant) of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on leaf area 44
4.4
(cm2/plant) of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on leaf area index 45
4.5
(LAI) of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on crop growth 47
4.6
rate (CGR) (g/plant/day) of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue legume and nutrient management on relative growth 48
4.7
rate (RGR) (mg/g/day) of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on net 49
4.8
assimilation rate (NAR) (mg/cm2/day) of maize.
Effect oftillage, residue, legumeand nutrient management onmaize 50
4.9
phenological stages.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on yield attributes 52
4.10
of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on yield attributes 53
4.11
of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on yield 54
4.12
performance of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on maize nutrient 55
4.13
uptake.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on economics of 57
4.14
maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on carbon 58
4.15
sustainability index (CSI) of maize.
Table
Particulars Page No.
No.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on energy 60
4.16
indicators of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on nutrient use 61
4.17
efficiency and water productivity of maize.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on Plant height 63
4.18
(cm) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on dry matter 64
4.19
accumulation (g/m2) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on leaf area 65
4.20
(cm/plant) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on leaf area index 66
4.21
(LAI) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on crop growth 68
4.22
rate (CGR) (g/m2/day) of wheat.
Effect oftillage, residue, legumeand nutrient management on relative growth 69
4.23
rate (RGR) (mg/g/day) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on net 70
4.24
assimilation rate (NAR) (mg/cm2/day) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on yield attributes 71
4.25
of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on wheat yields 73
4.26
and harvest index.
Effect of Tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on nutrient 74
4.27
uptake of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on economics of 75
4.28
wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on carbon 77
4.29
sustainability index (CSI) of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on energy 78
4.30
indicators of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on nutrient use 80
4.31
efficiency and water productivity of wheat.
Effect of tillage, residue legume and nutrient management on yield attributes 81
4.32
of green gram.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on green gram 83
4.33
yield and harvest index.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on economics of 84
4.34
green gram.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on carbon 86
4.35
sustainability index (CSI) of green gram.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on energy 87
4.36
indicators of green gram.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on nutrient use 89
4.37
efficiency and water productivity of green gram.
Table
Particulars Page No.
No.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrientmanagement on grain yield (t 90
4.38 ha-1) of maize, wheat and green gram and system productivity (wheat
equivalent) during 2012-13 and 2013-14.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on cost of 93
4.39
production (× 103INR/ha) of the maize-wheat-green gram system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on gross return 95
4.40
(× 103INR/ha) of the maize-wheat-green gram system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on net returns 96
4.41
(× 103INR/ha) of the maize-wheat-green gram system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on B:C ratio of 98
4.42
the maize-wheat-green gram system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on total nutrient 99
4.43
uptake [(NPK kg/ha), (mean of 2012-13 and 2013-14)].
4.44 Rainfall (cm) during maize-wheat-green gram system. 101
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on irrigation water 101
4.45
applied(cm ha-1) in maize-wheat-green gram cropping system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on total water 102
4.46 input (irrigation + rainfall) (cm ha-1) in maize-wheat-green gram cropping
system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on irrigation 103
4.47 (WPI) water productivity (kg grain m−3water) in maize-wheat- green gram
cropping system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on input (WPI+R) 104
4.48 water productivity (kg grain m−3water) in maize-wheat- green gram cropping
system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on carbon 105
4.49
sustainability index (CSI) of maize-wheat-green gram system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on energy-use 107
4.50
efficiency and NPK productivity of maize-wheat-green gram system.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on soil physical 111
4.51
properties after completion of study.
Effect oftillage, residue, legumeand nutrient management on soil penetration 112
4.52
resistance after completion of study.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on chemical 114
4.53
parameters of soil after completion of study.
Effect of tillage, residue, legume and nutrient management on available NPK 115
4.54
status after completion of study.
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Particulars Page No.
3.1 Monthly variations in weather conditions during June 2012 to May 2013 17
3.2 Monthly variationsin weather conditions during June 2013 to May 2014 18
3.3 Layout of plan of experiment 20
4.1 Effect of tillage, residue and legume on grain yield (t ha-1) of maize, wheat 91
and green gram and system productivity (wheat equivalent) during 2012-13
and2013-14
4.2 Effect of nutrient management on grain yield (t ha-1) of maize, wheat and 91
green gram and system productivity (wheat equivalent) during 2012-13 and
2013-14
4.3 Effect of tillage, residue and legume on cost of production (× 103INR/ha) of 94
the maize-wheat-green gram system
4.4 Effect of nutrient management on cost of production (× 103INR/ha) of the 94
maize-wheat-green gram system
4.5 Effect of tillage, residue and legume on net returns (× 103INR/ha) of the 97
maize-wheat-green gramsystem
4.6 Effect of nutrient management on net returns (× 103INR/ha) of the maize- 97
wheat-green gram system
4.7 Soil penetration resistance (M Pa) 110
ABBREVIATIONS
CGR : Crop growth rate
CSI : Carbon sustainability index
CT : Conventional tillage
CT-WR : Conventional tillage-with residue
CT-WOR : Conventional tillage-without residue
DAS : Days after sowing
GHG : Green house gases
GMD : Grand mean diameter
LAI : Leaf area index
MJ : Mega joule
MWD : Mean weight diameter
NAR : Net assimilation rate
NUE : Nitrogen-use efficiency
PB-WR : Permanent bed-with residue
PB-WOR : Permanent bed-without residue
R : Crop residue
RGR : Relative growth rate
RUE : Resource use efficiency
SOC : Soil organic carbon
SOM : Soil organic matter
ZT : Zero tillage
ZT-WR : Zero tillage-with residue
ZT-WOR : Zero tillage-without residue
CT : Convention Tillage
CT+GG : Convention Tillage with green gram
PB : Permanent bed
PB+GG : Permanent bed with green gram
CTF : Conventional till flat
NTF : No till flat
NTB : No till