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99 Pages·2013·1.08 MB·English

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CERTIFICATE – I
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled, “Production efficiency of Mungbean-
wheat (Desi) system under different inorganic and organic sources of nutrients”, submitted
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the subject of Agronomy to the CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar is a bonafide research work carried out by Neelam under my
supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.
(Dr.R.K. Nanwal)
Major Advisor
Professor,
Department of Agronomy
CCS HaryanaAgricultural University
Hisar-125004, India
CERTIFICATE – II
This is to certify that this dissertation entitled, “Production efficiency of Mungbean-
wheat (Desi) system underdifferent inorganic and organic sources of nutrients”, submitted
by Neelam to the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the subject of Agronomy has been
approved by the Student’s Advisory Committee after an oral examination on the same, in
collaboration with an External Examiner.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT EXTERNAL EXAMINER
MAJOR ADVISOR
DEAN, POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
CERTIFICATE –III
FORMAT FOR P. G. THESIS
“It is certified that the thesis submitted by Ms. Neelam, Adm. No. 2009A3D, Ph.D.
student of this department has been checked and found as per specification of the format
circulated by the Dean, PGS vide his Memo No. PGS/A-1/09/6926-90 dated 26.8.2009”.
MAJOR ADVISOR
PROFESSOR AND HEAD
Acknowledgement
Acknowledging the kind co-operation, help and suggestions from each and everyone
during the course of study gives real satisfaction to the explorer. Spirit of team work is
inevitable for any task to achieve destinations. Some characters are seemed tangibly but
others behind the curtain. Though verbal expression of gratitude lies before written and felt
indebtedness but imprinting them through words is also an important part of these forms.
I, with immense pleasure and deep sense of indebtness would like to express my
heartful gratitude to my esteemed advisor Dr. R.K. Nanwal, Professor, Department of
Agronomy whose planning the experiment, sublime suggestions, keen interest, encouraging
attitude, luminous guidance, fatherly support and bearance, never ending patience, pains
taking efforts and affectionate behaviour helped me during entire period of my research work
and preparation of this manuscript.
I am also obliged and indebted to my co-advisor Dr. Pawan Kumar, Scientist,
Department of Agronomy for his invaluable guidance, cordial behaviour and cooperation
throughout the study. His outlook, critical suggestions and diligent efforts made it possible for
me to complete the present investigation. I am extremely thankful to other members of my
advisory committee, Dr. K.D. Sharma, Plant Physiologist, Department of Plant Physiology,
Dr. Avtar Singh, Professor, Department of Vegetable Science (Dean, PGS Nominee) and Dr.
K.S.Grewal, SeniorScientist, Department of Soil Science for rendering useful tips and advice
whenever asked for.
I feel short of words to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Dr. A.S. Dhindwal,
Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy for his support, advice and encouragement
throughout the course of my study for Ph. D. degree.
I take this opportunity to extend my fervent and sincere thanks to Dr. S.K. Yadav,
Chief Agronomist, Department of Agronomy and all the other faculty members and
members of non- teaching staff of Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar for their help and co-operation during my study.
This acknowledgement would be meaningless if I do not remember my parents Shri
Satbir Singh and Smt. Sumitra to whom I owe all the purposes I have achieved so far,
including work. In the course of research work, there were times when I felt low in spirits
standing behind me rock hard, supporting me in every possible way. The love and affection
liberally showered on me by my elder brother Sudhir andmy bhabhiManita.
Special thanks are due to my little sweet nephew Tanish and my friends Vandana,
Akanksha, Astha, Prabhjot, Asha, Devashree, Ankush, Kamini, Kuldeep, Megamart, Ajay,and
Sumitfor their help, cooperation and encouragement at various stages of this research work.
I believe to be luckiest to have such loving friends Ravi, Shammi, Navdeep, Payal and
Gautam.
I am glad to have sweet brothers Happy, Balvir, Billu.
I am also thankful to all those who have helped me directly or indirectly to achieve
the goal and whose names I forget to mention in this endeavour.
Last but not least, I would like to thank the ‘Almighty’ without whose grace; this
small work could never have seen the light of the day.
Date:
Place: Hisar (Neelam)
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE(S)
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-13
III MATERIAL AND METHODS 14-25
IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 26-64
V DISCUSSION 65-72
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 73-76
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-vii
APPENDICES I-IV
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Pages
no.
1. Mechanical analysis of soil of the experimental field before sowing of 17
mungbean (2010)
2. Chemical composition of soil of experimental field before sowing of 17
mungbean (2010)
3. Soil status of experimental field before sowing of mungbean (2010) 17
4. Cropping history of the experimental field 17
5. Nutrient composition of organic materials 18
6. Schedule of cultural operations in mungbean crop 21
7. Schedule of cultural operations in wheat crop 21
8. Method of determination of N, P and Kcontent in plant samples (grainand 25
straw)
9. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield attributes of 28
mungbean
10. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield and harvest 30
index of mungbean
11. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on N and P content in 34
mungbean seed and straw
12. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on N and P uptake by 35
seed and strawof mungbean
13. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on phenological stages 36-37
(DaysAfterSowing) of wheat
14. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on leaf area (cm2) per 39
metrerow length of wheat
15. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on plant height (cm) of 40
wheat
16. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on dry matter 42
accumulation (g) per metrerow length of wheat
17. Periodic Crop growth rate (g/day/m2) of wheat as influenced by organic 43
and inorganicsources of nutrients
18. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on Leaf area index of 44
wheat
19. Periodical changes in Leaf area duration (days) of wheat as influenced by 46
organic and inorganic sources of nutrients
20. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield attributes of 47
wheat
21. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield, harvest index 50
and system productivityof wheat
22. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on N, P and K contents 53
in grain and straw of wheat
23. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on N, P and K uptake 55
by grain and straw in wheat
24. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on total N, P and K 56
uptake by grain and straw in wheat
25. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on quality parameters 59
of wheat
26. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on soil pH, Electrical 60
conductivity (dSm-1) and organic carbon (%)after harvest of the crops
27. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on available N, P and 61
K (kg/ha) in soilafter harvestin mungbean-wheat cropping system
28. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on available NPK (kg 63
ha-1) in soil after harvestin mungbean-wheat cropping system
29. Economics of different treatments in mungbean-wheat cropping system 64
LIST OFFIGURES
Figure Description Pages
no.
1. Mean weekly meteorological data during crop growing season 2010-11 at 15
Hisar
2. Mean weekly meteorological data during crop growing season 2011-12 at 16
Hisar
3. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield attributes of 29
mungbean
4. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield of mungbean 31
5. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield attributes of 48
wheat
6. Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield of wheat 51
CCHHAAPPTTEERR--II
IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
The immediate need to increase food production in the tropics to feed the rapidly
increasing population of the Third world requires that crop yields per hectare must be
increased without prejudicing the resource base for future generations (Boddey et al., 1997).
Around 127.5 million hectare of land in India isused to grow food grains, which is about 75%
of the total planted area. More than 33% of crop land is used for the cultivation of rice, about
29% for coarse grains; and the rest evenly divided between wheat and pulses. Indiais the
world's largest producer and the largest consumer of pulses. Inclusion of pulses in rice-wheat
cropping system will help to meet out the domestic requirement of the country. It can help in
the replenishment of soil fertility and increase productivity of the system. Pulses have been
reported to fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil upto 30 kg ha-1. Due to high yielding crop
varieties and multiple cropping, soil fertility is depleting rapidly. The soils are now gradually
becoming deficient in essential nutrients and these have raised serious concerns for the
sustainability of agricultural system. Soil fertility is the most serious factor, which is limiting
productivity on a sustained basis. Due to low organic matter in the soil and the inherent
nutrient level, the plant nutrient supply capacity is poor in large areas of the country.
The rice-wheat cropping system in the country is highly exhaustive in nature and the
continuous practice of this has resulted in low inherent soil fertility along with the inside
deficiencies of macro and micro nutrients. The long term sustainability of rice and wheat
cropping system mainly depends on the use of balanced nutrients in the soil. But high prices,
low efficiency and unavailability of chemical fertilizers are factors limiting their application.
However, legumes offer economically attractive alternative and are sound means for reducing
external inputs for improving the quality of soil health and cereal crop yields.
Mungbean-wheat is the most common cropping system in Haryana state. Integration
of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in legume-cereal crop sequence is essential to
maintain soil health and productivity of crops. The advantages of integrated application of
nutrients and their scientific management in integrated nutrient management has proved
beneficial for maximization of yield and quality of different crops and cropping sequence
under different agro-ecological situations. Introduction of a grain legume in cereal-based
cropping system aims at increased productivity and profitability to achieve food and
nutritional security and sustainability (Paroda, 1997 and Swaminathan, 1998). Biological
nitrogen fixation (BNF) by leguminous crops is a relatively low cost alternative to N fertilizer
and particularly important in developing countries where few farmers use inadequate
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