doctor of phil in agronom doctor of philosophy in agronomy sophy y

90 Pages·2014·1.48 MB·English

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CERTIFICATE – I
This is to certify that thesis entitled, “Agro physiological traits for drought
tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)” submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Agronomy to the Chaudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar is a bonafide research work carried out by
Mr. Arvind Kumar Yadav, Admn. No. 2010A8D(R) under my guidance and
supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been
fully acknowledged.
[DR. ANIL KUMAR]
MAJOR ADVISOR
Scientist (Department of Agronomy)
College of Agriculture
CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar-125004
CERTIFICATE-II
This is to certify that thesis entitled, “Agro physiological traits for drought
tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)” submitted by Mr. Arvind Kumar
Yadav, Admn. No. 2010A8D(R) to the Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in the subject of Agronomy, has been approved by the Student's Advisory
Committee after an oral examination on the same, in collaboration with an External
Examiner.
MAJOR ADVISOR EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DEAN, POST-GRADUATE STUDIES HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Acknowledgement
======================
Gratitude’s can not be seen or expressed, it can only befelt deep in heart and is beyond description.
Although, thanks are poor expression of debt of gratitude one feel, yet there is no better way to express.
It is my profound privilege to express my deepest sense of gratitude indebtedness to Dr. Anil
Kumar,Scientist and chairmen of my advisory committee who conceived, detailed and shaped the problem
and provided intellectual stimulation, continuing exhortation and suggestion guidance throughout the
present study, without which it would have remained a chimera. His scholarly suggestion, prudent
admonitions, immense interest, constant help and affectionate behaviour has been a beacon light for me for
which. I will always remain highly indebted to him.
I owe my deep and fervent thanks to my advisory committee members Dr. Jagdev Singh, AD
(crops) in Directorate of Research; Dr. R. S. Malik, Sr. Scientist, Department of Soil Science; Dr. K. D.
Sharma,Scientist,Department ofPlant Physiology;Dr.J. S. Hooda,Sr. ScientistofDepartmentGenetics
& Plant Breeding for their willing cooperation and sagacious guidance rendered during the course of the
investigation.
I extend my thank to, Dr. Jagdev Singh, Professor and Head Department of Agronomy for
providing me the necessary facilities during the course of investigations.
Words are scarce to express my ardent sentiments to my seniorsnamelyDr.Shispal, Dr.Amit,Dr.
Devendra, Dr Rajpaul, Dr. Arvind, Kuldeep Singh, Yogendra, Manoj, Mahaveer, Kailash and my friends
Ramdhan,Rakesh,Sunil,Mukesh,Niranjan,and Deepak for their timely help and moral support. I wish to
accord my thanks to my juniors Rakesh, Lalu, Babu, Vikash, Rajan, Ajay, Lokesh, Manbeer, Deepin,
AnoopandAshwanifor rendering methe needy help for completion of a great milestone in my career.
This account will be incomplete without gratitude of my adorable father Shri. Ramswroop and
mother Smt. Vimla Devi, grandfather Shri. Ghashi Ram, brothers Mahesh & Akhilesh for their constant
encouragement, blessing and inspiration at every stage of my study without which this piece of work could
not have been a reality.
Last but far from the least, I bow my head in extreme regard to the almighty “Khatu Shyam
ji”whoseblessing enabled me to reach this destination.
Hisar
December,2013 (Arvind Kumar Yadav)
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-12
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 13-23
IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 24-59
V DISCUSSION 60-67
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 68-71
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Description Page
No. No.
1. Physical and chemical properties of the soil of experimental field before 15
sowing
2. Croppinghistory of the experimental field 15
3. Schedule of cultural practices carried out during the experiment 17
4. Effect of different treatments on phenological events in pearl millet 25
genotypes
5. Effect of different treatments on phenological events in pearl millet 26
genotypes
6. Effect of environment on plant population (000 ha-1) of pearl millet 28
genotypes
7. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on plant height 28
(cm) of pearl millet
8. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on plant height 29
(cm) of pearl millet
9. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on total number of 30
tillers plant-1at harvest inpearl millet
10. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on leaf area plant-1 31
(cm2) at 20 and 40 DAS in pearl millet
11. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on leaf area plant-1 31
(cm2)at 60 DAS andatharvest inpearl millet
12. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on dry matter 32
accumulation (g plant-1) of pearl milletat 20 and 40 DAS
13. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on dry matter 33
accumulation (g plant-1) of pearl milletat 60 DAS andatharvest
14. Periodical changes in the dry matter partitioning (g plant-1) among 34
different plant parts of pearl millet genotypes as affected by the
environment
15. Periodical changes in the dry matter partitioning (g plant-1) among 35
different plant parts of pearl millet genotypes as affected by the
environment
16. Effect of environment on the periodical changes in the root length (cm) of 39
pearl millet genotypes
17. Effect of environment on the periodical changes in the root length (cm) of 39
pearl milletgenotypes
18. Root dry weight (g plant-1) of pearl millet genotypes as affected by 40
different environment
19. Root dry weight (g plant-1) of pearl millet genotypes as affected by 41
different environment
20. Leaf area index of pearl millet genotypes at 20 and 40 DAS as affected by 42
the environment
21. Leaf area index of pearl millet genotypes at 60 DAS and harvest as 43
affected by the environment
22. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on leaf area 44
duration (days) of pearlmillet
23. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on leaf area 44
duration (days) of pearl millet
24. Net assimilation rate (mg dm-2 day-1) among different pearl millet 45
genotypes as affected by the environment
25. Net assimilation rate (mg dm-2 day-1) among different pearl millet 45
genotypes as affected by the environment
26. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on crop growth 46
rate (g m-2day-1) of pearl millet
27. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on crop growth 47
rate (g m-2day-1) of pearl millet
28. Periodical changes in the relative growth rate (mg g-1 day-1) of pearl 48
millet genotypes under different environment
29. Periodical changes in the relative growth rate (mg g-1 day-1) of pearl 48
millet genotypes under different environment
30. Effect of environment on leaf water potential (MPa) of different pearl 49
millet genotypes
31. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on relative water 50
content (%) of pearl millet
32. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on canopy 51
temperature depression (-0C) of pearl millet
33. Effect of environment on effective tillers plant-1 and earhead length (cm) 52
of pearl millet genotypes at harvest
34. Earhead girth (cm) and test weight (g) among pearl millet genotypes as 53
affected by different environment
35. Interaction effect between environment and genotypes on grain and stover 54
yields (q ha-1) of pearl millet
36. Interaction effect betweenenvironment and genotypes on biological yield 55
(q ha-1) and harvest index (%) of pearl millet
37. Effect of environment on tiller conversion index and grain chaff ratio of 56
pearl millet genotypes
38. Effect of environment on Zinc and Iron content inthe grain of pearl millet 57
genotypes
39. Effect of environment on soil moisture (cm) use pattern of pearl millet 59
genotypes in 0-90 cm soil profile
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Description Page No.
1. Weekly meteorological data during the crop seasonof 2011 14
2. Weekly meteorological data during the crop season of 2012 14
3. Layout plan of experiment 16
4. Per cent contribution from different plant parts in total dry matter 36
accumulation of pearl millet genotypes at 20 DAS
5. Per cent contribution from different plant parts in total dry matter 36
accumulation of pearl millet genotypes at 40 DAS
6. Per cent contribution from different plant parts in total dry matter 37
accumulation of pearl millet genotypes at 60 DAS
7. Per cent contribution from different plant parts in total dry matter 37
accumulation of pearl millet genotypes at harvest
8. Seasonal soil moisture (cm) use pattern under different environment 58
in 0-90 cm soil profile
CCHHAAPPTTEERR--II
IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
The biggest challenge for agriculture at present and in future is to meet the food and
fibre needs of the ever increasing world population. Increasing the production of cereals is,
therefore, of paramount importance. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is generally grown
under rainfed condition in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Pearl millet is pre-
dominantly grown in North-West India and West Africa. It is cultivated on about 30 m ha in
more than 30 countries of five continents viz., Asia, Africa, North America, South America
and Australia. Though the majority of crop areais inAfrica (about 18 m ha) and Asia (>10 m
ha), pearl millet cultivation is being expanded in some of the non-traditional areas such as
Brazil,West Asia,North Africa and Central Asia. Increased and stabilized production of pearl
millet is essential for the well being of millions of people living in these regions.
India is a pioneer country of world in pearl millet production. In India, annual
planting area under pearl millet is 8.69 million hectares producing nearly 8.74 million tonnes
of grain (Anonymous, 2012-13). It is primarily grown on marginal and sub-marginal lands of
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Haryana. With the advent of pearl millet
hybrids in mid-sixties, the pearl millet cultivation received a fillip. As a result, the
productivity almost tripled from around 350 kg in mid sixties to around 1156 kg ha-1 in 2012.
In Haryana, area under pearl millet is 4.38 lakh hectares with total production of 8.98 lakh
tonnes and productivityof2050kgha-1(Anonymous, 2012-13).
It is the most drought tolerant crop among cereals and millets. Much of the increased
demand for balance human diet and animal ration has to come from staple food crops and
roughage as they are major and cheap source of the nutrients. Pearl millet is one of the
important choice as its grains are rich in protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. The crop is
mostly confined to low fertile water deficit soils. Because of its remarkable ability to
withstand and grow in harsh environment, reasonable and nearly assured harvests are
obtained. It is primarily grown for food and dry fodder, though a significant portion of pearl
millet is also used for non-food purposes such as poultry feed and alcohol extraction.
Micronutrient malnutrition arising from dietary deficiency of one or more essential
micronutrients affects two-third of world’s population (White and Broadley, 2009; Stein,
2010). The mineral elements most commonly lacking in human diets are iron (Fe) and zinc
(Zn), which rank fifth and sixth, respectively, among the top ten risk factors contributing to
burden of disease, especially in the developing countries (WHO, 2002). A preliminary study
conducted with a limited number of 27 pearl millet genotypes at ICRISAT had shown high
1
levels and large variability for both iron (40 to 580 ppm) and zinc content (10 to 66 ppm) in
pearl millet grains (Jambunathan and Subramanian, 1988). These values were much higher
than those in other cereals. It is also the cheapest source of these micronutrients as compared
to other cerealsand vegetables.
The usual effect of drought on the development of a plant is the lowered production
of biomass and/or a change in the distribution of this biomass among the different organs. The
drought resistance of a cultivated plant reflects its capacity to limit the impact on the
economic yield of these changes in biomass production and distribution. This capacity will
depend on the development phase affected by water deficit as well as on the intensity and the
length of the drought. Drought intensity and length also affect development stages such as
initiation of panicles, earing or flowering which, in cereals are generally sensitive to water
deficit.
The average productivity of pearl millet in India as well as Haryana is low as
compared to the potential yield of existing cultivars. Good quality seed of better hybrids are
not available to the farmers and is one of the main reason for a big gap between the actual
yield and their potential yield. Improved genotypes play an important role in augmenting the
yield of crop. Recently, many composites and hybrids of pearl millet with high yielding
potential have been evolved and released for general cultivation in different parts of India.
Hybrid HHB 67 ‘Improved’ has been released for general cultivation in the marginal areas in
millet growing areas of Haryana and adjoining states (Anonymous, 2005). The high yielding
hybrids/composites of pearl millet are highly responsive to irrigation (Verma, 1993; Khippal
and Hooda, 2002). Irrigation has been recognized as a basic necessity for sustaining high
productivity of crops in arid and semi arid regions prone to water deficit. The need is greater
in most parts of India where rainfall is seasonal and not assured. Water stress causes decrease
in the rate of photosynthesis and increase in respiration, thus plant growth is decreased.
Adequate water supply is one of the basic inputs for securing higher crop yields. At the same
time, it has been one of the most limiting factors in crop production on account of several
reasons. Firstly, water is required in huge quantity. Secondly, it needs to be applied several
times throughout the crop season on account of continuous process of evaporation. Thirdly, it
affects the crop yield directly as well as indirectly by influencing their responses to other
inputs including fertilizers and various management practices. The irrigated pearl millet
hybrid exhibited the significant differences in terms of number of days to different
phenological events (5 leaf stage, panicle initiation, flag leaf, boot stage, 50% flowering, milk
stage, dough and physiological maturity stages (Kumar et al., 2005). Crop growth in terms of
plant height, dry matter accumulation, tillers plant-1 and number of effective tillers plant-1
were more in pearl millet hybrid MH-179 in comparison to WCC-75 (Jangir et al., 1998).
Pusa 605 hybrid gave maximum plant and more dry matter plant-1 as compared to ICMH 356
2