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“Do I believe in arbitration? I do. But not in arbitration - Le petit juriste PDF

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“Do I believe in arbitration? I do. But not in arbitration between the lion and the lamb, in which the lamb is in the morning found inside the lion”. Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) President of the American Federation of Labour (1888-1924)   1 CONTENT   Introduction............................................................................................................................................................5   Historical  development  of  international  arbitration..........................................................................................5   Arbitration  in  ancient  history..........................................................................................................................5   The  development  of  international  arbitration  in  medieval  times..................................................................6   The  arduous  acceptation  of  arbitration  process  in  European  modern  history...................................................7   In  the  English  system......................................................................................................................................7   In  France.........................................................................................................................................................8   The  evolution  of  arbitration  towards  the  international  sphere......................................................................9   Clarification  of  notions  forming  International  Commercial  arbitration............................................................11   Definition  of  Arbitration...............................................................................................................................11   A  private  system  of  adjudication..................................................................................................................11   Controlled  by  the  parties..............................................................................................................................12   Designed  to  be  binding  upon  them..............................................................................................................12   An  attempt  to  a  complete  definition............................................................................................................12   Definition  of  “International”.........................................................................................................................13   The  definition  of  “Commercial”....................................................................................................................14   Introducing  the  study  of  the  choice  of  law  in  International  arbitration...............................................................16   Chapter  1:  Various  types  of  strategy  in  the  legal  field..........................................................................................18   Strategies  designed  to  win................................................................................................................................18   Strategies  that  constraint  the  decision  maker..............................................................................................18   Strategies  that  transcend  the  decision  maker..............................................................................................20   Choices  allowing  increased  cost-­‐efficiency  and  time  reduction  in  International  Commercial  Arbitration......23   Arbitration rules and cost..............................................................................................................................23   Arbitration  rules  and  place  of  arbitration.....................................................................................................24   Number  of  arbitrators...................................................................................................................................25   Ad  hoc  or  institutional  arbitration................................................................................................................25   Reducing  procedural  disputes  and  shortening  of  the  procedure.................................................................25   Chapter  2:  The  Parties’  choice  of  law...................................................................................................................27   The  choice  of  law  as  part  of  the  arbitration  agreement...................................................................................28     2 The  issue  of  the  validity  of  the  Arbitration  agreement.................................................................................28   The  choice  of  the  applicable  law  to  the  procedure..........................................................................................36   Distinction  between  the  procedural  rules  and  the  Lex  Arbitri......................................................................36   The  opposition  between  the  “Seat  theory”  and  the  theory  of  “delocalisation”...........................................39   The  choice  of  the  substantive  law....................................................................................................................41   Parties’  autonomy  in  the  scope  of  the  choice  of  law....................................................................................41   The  various  types  of  choices  possible...........................................................................................................44   Chapter  3:  The  outcomes  of  the  absence  of  choice  of  law...................................................................................52   The  duties  of  the  arbitrators.............................................................................................................................52   The  duty  to  deliver  an  enforceable  award....................................................................................................52   The  duty  to  apply  the  law.............................................................................................................................53   Applications  of  the  conflict  of  law  rules...........................................................................................................53   “Voie  indirecte”............................................................................................................................................53   “Voie  directe”...............................................................................................................................................55   Chapter  4:  The  issue  arising  when  drafting  an  arbitration  clause/agreement.....................................................57   General  Framework  for  the  drafting  of  an  arbitration  clause  or  agreement...................................................57   General  principles  for  the  drafting  of  an  arbitration  clause/agreement......................................................58   Specific  considerations  to  the  choice  of  laws  clause....................................................................................60   Analysis  of  potential  grounds  for  annulment  of  refusal  of  enforcement  of  the  court.................................63   Analysis  of  arbitration  clauses  in  context.........................................................................................................67   Dallah  Real  Estate  v  Pakistan........................................................................................................................67   Sulamerica  CIA  Nacional  De  Seguros  &  Ors  v  Enesa  Engenharia..................................................................70   Proposition  of  a  comprehensive  draft..............................................................................................................73   Dallah  Real  Estate  v  Pakistan........................................................................................................................73   Sulamerica  CIA  Nacional  De  Seguros  &  Ors  v  Enesa  Engenharia..................................................................73   Proposition  of  comprehensive  clause...........................................................................................................74   Conclusive  remarks:..............................................................................................................................................75   Bibliography  :........................................................................................................................................................82   Books:...............................................................................................................................................................82   Articles:.............................................................................................................................................................82   Legislation:........................................................................................................................................................84     3 Codes:...............................................................................................................................................................84   Cases:................................................................................................................................................................85   Reports:............................................................................................................................................................86   Websites:..........................................................................................................................................................86   dictionary  &  Encyclopedia:...............................................................................................................................87       4 INTRODUCTION     HISTORICAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF  INTERNATIONAL  ARBITRATION   The development of international commercial arbitration is still an ongoing process. Its history can be traced back to the commencement of human history. ARBITRATION  IN  ANCIENT  HISTORY   The first traces of commercial arbitration were found in the Middle East, in what is now Iraq. Clay tablets have been found reciting dispute over water rights between merchants in a village near Kirkuk. The litigation was solved by arbitration, and ten silver shekels and an ox were the award granted to the winning party. Agreements to arbitrate future disputes have also been found in funerary trust in ancient Egypt, between 2500 BC and 2300 BC1. Arbitration processes were also found in the Roman Empire and ancient Greece. In The Iliad Homer describes a blood debt which was settled by a public arbitral process2. Roman law very early offered the possibility of existence of an agreement to arbitrate, called Compromissum. In this case the litigation had to be settled by an arbiter3. Arbitration is a very familiar notion in the Jewish tradition. It is based on Deuteronomy 16, 18, when God orders Moses to “establish judges and officers in your gates”. Throughout the second Temple era (4th cent. BC to 2nd cent. AC), Talmudic literature reports numerous stories about arbitration of monetary matters by a “Beth Din” (a court generally composed of three judges) with a particular emphasis on judges’ scholarship and integrity. In Roman times and ancient Greece, reasons to refer to arbitration as well as the procedure itself were very similar to modern times. Like in today’s national courts, researches proved that Roman and Greek courts were suffering from congestion and backlogs. Thus arbitration quickly appeared as a suitable mean to solve private matters, granting a quicker and sometimes fairer solution to the parties. Arbitral procedure was in both cases essentially subject to the parties’ control. The progressive recognition and validity of arbitration agreements was based on the principle of Pacta sunt servanda. There were only a few limits on the subject of arbitration, for example inheritance and the status of slaves/citizens4.                                                                                                                                         1 Mantica, Arbitration in Ancient Egypt, 12Arb.J.155,158-60(1957). 2 The Iliad, XVIII. 497-508. 3 Stein, Arbitration under Roman Law, 41 Arb. 203, 203-04 (1974). 4 D. Roebuck & B. de Fumichon, Roman Arbitration ,105 (2004).   5 Jurisdiction of the arbitrators was limited by the arbitration agreement. The award was binding, but at the time judicial review was limited: “The award of the arbiter which he makes with reference to the matter in dispute should be complied with, whether it is just or unjust; because the party who accepted the arbitration had only himself to blame.”5 With Christianisation in the late Roman Empire the church began to play a role. Christian bishops often exercised Arbitral jurisdiction called episcopalis audentia, created by Emperor Constantine at the beginning of the 4th century6. Roman law also allowed Jewish congregations to be granted similar powers. Those historical examples of arbitral procedure show that arbitration was somehow present from the very beginning of human history. However those procedures were generally lacking an “international” character. The internationalisation of arbitration began in the medieval times. THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  INTERNATIONAL  ARBITRATION  IN  MEDIEVAL  TIMES   Following the movement of history arbitration developed in medieval Europe (France, England, the Swiss confederation, northern Italy and Germany). Various types of arbitration were used at that time to solve private matters. Arbitration became very common between merchants gilds, trade fairs, and professional organizations. This development was due to the growing exchange flow between European countries, through fairs, markets and gilds. Several gilds provided mandatory arbitration in case of litigation in their charters, like the Company of the Clothworkers, or the Gild of St. John of Beverley of the Hans House7. It is not difficult to justify the existence of arbitral procedures in fairs and markets. Fairs involved many itinerant and foreign merchants who could not afford to leave their disputes unsettled or to the most often inadequate local jurisdictions. The recurrent reasons to use arbitration in this context are still true today. Apart from avoiding the inadequacy of local courts and potential enforcement barriers, the idea was to have a quick procedure performed by arbitrators with commercial expertise. The increasing use of arbitration in medieval times led to various types of challenges coming from local authorities. Political and judicial distrust arose correlatively with a wider use of                                                                                                                                         5 Digest, 4, 8, 27, 2 (Ulpian), in S. Scott ed., The Civil Law, Vol. 3 (1932). 6  J.  Gaudemet,  La  legislation  religieuse  de  Constantin,  in  Revue  de  l’église  de  France,  Paris  1947.   7 J. Cohen, Commercial Arbitration and the Law, 4 (1918).   6 arbitral procedure. But most of the time this jealousy was overcome by the obvious advantages of arbitration in commercial settlements. THE   ARDUOUS   ACCEPTATION   OF   ARBITRATION   PROCESS   IN   EUROPEAN   MODERN  HISTORY   England as well as France showed a desire to restraint the possibility using arbitration in any private or commercial matters. The various actions taken by the authorities of these countries reflected either an honest will to protect public order, or a mere hatred of the process. IN  THE  ENGLISH  SYSTEM   In 1609 Lord Coke (in Vynior V. Wilde) rendered abitrations agreements revocable at will: “Although (. . .) the defendant was bound in a bond to (. . .) observe the arbitrament, yet he might countermand it; for a man cannot by his act make such authority (. . .) not countermandable, which is by the law and of its own nature countermandable.” 8 In order to limit the effects of Lord Coke’s Dicta on commercial arbitration, the English parliament promulgated a statute commonly referred to as the Arbitration act of 1698. This act allowed the parties to make their arbitration agreement “a rule of any of His Majesty’s Courts of Records”9, thus rendering the enforcement of such agreement easier. But the interaction between Vynior’s case and the Arbitration act of 1698 ended up in an impossibility to enforce an arbitration agreement outside the scope of the Arbitration act. This problem was solved in 1833 with The English Civil Procedure Act, which stated that an arbitration agreement could not be revoked10. This evolution is also reflected in an English precedent. In the 1856 case Scott v. Avery Lord Campbell said: “I can see not the slightest ill consequences that can flow from such an agreement, and I see great advantage that may arise from it. (. . .) Public policy, therefore, seems to me to require that effect should be given to the contract.”11 Finally at the end of the 19th century England enacted the 1889 Arbitration Act. The act established the irrevocability of agreement to arbitrate future disputes12.                                                                                                                                         8 Vynior v. Wilde (1609) 77 Eng. Rep. 595 (K.B.). 9 English Civil Procedure Act, 1698, 9 & 10 Will. III, Ch. 15 10 English Civil Procedure Act, 1833, 3 & 4 Will. IV, Ch. 42, §§39-41 11 Scott v. Avery (1856) 5 H.L. Cas. 809, 853 12 English Arbitration Act, 1889, 52&53 Vict., Ch.49   7 The English way of showing reluctance to accept a broad validity of arbitration agreement was subtler than the French way. IN  FRANCE   In 1560 an Edict issued by Francis II rendered arbitration compulsory for commercial matters. This Edict led to a widespread use of arbitration among merchants. Even though the French system appeared to be more open to arbitral process at first, the French revolution completely changed view on the validity of arbitration agreement for future disputes. Right after the revolution arbitration was considered as one of the best applications of the general notion of social contract. It was regarded as “the most reasonable means for the termination of disputes arising between citizens”13. Arbitration was even brought to a constitutional status in the year I (1793) and year III (1795) constitutions14. Soon after the French revolution turned its back to its own creations. Arbitration was considered a danger to the rule of law and the authority of state. The Napoleonic codes imposed many restrictions on arbitration agreements. For example article 2059 of the Civil Code, and 1006 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that agreements to settle future disputes by arbitration are not enforceable. Only a few exceptions to this principle were given in the Commercial Code for maritime insurance contract and corporate partnership15. This policy of limitation was the demonstration of a desire to eliminate this type of process considered to be too vague and a “satire to the judicial system”16. The first pretence of evolution appeared with a case of 1843. There the Cour de Cassation held that agreement to arbitrate future disputes were not binding unless they identified particular disputes and define potential arbitrators17. But the improvement was very limited. French citizen will have to wait 1925 to obtain an almost complete freedom to create binding agreement to arbitrate future litigations18. A new article in the Commercial Code gave complete enforceability of arbitration agreement. This new article was created consequently to the ratification of the 1923 Geneva Protocol on Arbitration clauses.                                                                                                                                         13 Law of 16-24 August 1790, Art. 1 14 French Constitution of Year I, 1793, Art. 86; French Constitution of Year III, 1795, Art. 210. 15 French Commercial Code, 1804, Arts. 51-63, 332 16 Mounier, Rapport Rigaud sur le projet de loi relative a l’arbitrage forcé: DP 56, at 113. 17 10th July 1843, Cie L’Alliance v. Prunier, Recueil Sirey 1843, 561 18 French Commercial Code, 1925, Art. 631.   8 As we can see arbitration process have always been present in developed societies throughout history, but it is often said that “as a technocratic mechanism of dispute settlement, with a particular set of rules and doctrines, international commercial arbitration is a product of this century"19. THE  EVOLUTION  OF  ARBITRATION  TOWARDS  THE  INTERNATIONAL  SPHERE   Most developed societies have already witnessed the development of arbitration as a mean of settlement of disputes. Before the expansion of international commercial arbitration, disputes were mainly of a domestic nature and therefore reflecting the nature of a particular society. One could then witness considerable differences between the different societies, like continental Europe, Islamic countries, Latin America. With the exponential growth of international exchange at the end of the 19th century, the need for non-domestic arbitration grew correlatively. The 1923 Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses adopted by the League of Nations is the foundation stone of the development of international commercial arbitration, as we know it. This Protocol solves one of the main problems of arbitration. At that time many countries didn’t recognise the validity of an agreement to arbitrate future disputes, parties could only decide about arbitration once the litigation had arisen. The main provision was that: “Each of the Contracting States recognises the validity of an agreement whether relating to existing or future differences between parties subject respectively to the jurisdiction of different Contracting States by which the parties to a contract agree to submit to arbitration.”20 But the recognition of the validity of the arbitration agreement was not the only problem arising from the internationalisation of exchanges.                                                                                                                                         19 Shalakany, Arbitration and the Third World: A Plea for Reassessing Bias Under the Specter of Neo- Liberalism, 41 Harv. Int’l L.J. 419, 430 (2000). 20 Assembly of the League of Nations, Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses, art 1, 1923.   9 The issue of the enforcement and execution of foreign arbitral awards became a huge problem. The key roots of this problem are the definition of the applicable law and jurisdiction. Treaties and protocols have been adopted to deal with this problem such as the 1927 Geneva Convention for the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New-York Convention), the 1961 European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration. The New-York Convention is placing consequent obligation on the courts. A court seized for the application of a foreign award is pretty much required to enforce it. The exceptions given in article V of the convention are very limited. The award can be denied enforcement only if there is a clear violation of the procedural rules governing the arbitration21, if the subject matter is not arbitrable under the applicable law22, or if the enforcement of the award is contrary to the public policy of the country23. In 1985 (revised in 2006) the United Nation Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) published a document called the Model Law on International Commercial arbitration. This document proposed a model for countries which had not yet promulgated proper law on arbitration. The Model Law only concerns International Commercial Arbitration. It does not only encourage the development of international arbitration but also allows parties to carry out the arbitration procedure as they wish24. Nowadays the UNCITRAL is still working on the global recognition of international arbitration, and the harmonization of arbitration rules. The most important treaties and Conventions that have to be kept in mind for the study of contemporary International Commercial Arbitration are: - The Geneva Protocol of 1923.                                                                                                                                         21 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, art V(1), 1958. 22 See Supra note 20, art V(2a), 1958. 23 See Supra note 20, art V(2b), 1958. 24 Model Law, Article 19(1), 1985. (“the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the arbitral tribunal in conducting the proceedings”).   10

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Dallah Real Estate v Pakistan . For example article 2059 of the Civil. Code, and 1006 of the Code of 17 10th July 1843, Cie L'Alliance v. Prunier, Recueil Revision of the Model Law, adopted in December 2006. Empirical studies proved that the struggle over venue is most of the time determining t
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.