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^ ITHSONIAN w BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY nun mi hi in 3 9999 06905 305 4 f> ^ «5 t v.Ml\RMOIlOliSI\. PI Knlln\ I \\ I K WI KIlIII R s I'KU kl\ (DMPUIKIPOIWIIH iIiOhKiiImiNiIi/\DS Il nwiii i kiiI\i(\,li\liili\i i StU.KV'KIUIP1 sUII1P1)H1UR IIKIRIIOIsII..11 I RFlUI)NIGUM.SI I UMI'I UK U kl I PI \\1 BUN HI \SlR(cIlM\llMII\RK \ llll I I ATURAL HE ULTIMATE VISUAL GUIDE TO EVERYTHING ON EARTH HISTORY * * : omMS.UIIPHBU\RRRI[> l cSiHM1MHOVI)CB.UR(I.I N \^riBImH,m>i d SMFLMAMMIIK (.OIDBIIIII OUI I BNI\RlDIW\I\NNGI)K \'s IIKIHIK, \I)()MS Bl III t ^C 4f M. "tH* CMOsMTMROHN R«)P(EkNHGOUPIPNI R l.PMUIRIPNIUII I \N I1ISP1IIIIINMC,I I)l)l|< k SI \NI I I IBIS KIiN(C-IMIMSIOINI H ll\\ I 'i I I I OIVO\\ lI BDlll I \R| D ^( w Jw mt Jm. • W FRI1IFD sTRIPHJ IJPISFFISH AARDVARk (RISIID COMMON U7ARD HY1S\ PORC IIPINI SOUIRRII MONKI1 MI I I) I f'" T H O N A S J 1 ! NATURAL HISTORY What ifour planet's kaleidoscope oflife could be contained within the covers ofa book? The result would be something very close to Natural History. Page after page displays a dazzling array ofspecies from around the globe. From bacteria to bison, giant redwoods to ruby- - throated hummingbirds, tripe fungi to trumpetfish, this is a unique record ofthe rich diversity oflife on Earth. LIVING EARTH A fullv illustrated introduction explains the story ofour planet, from the unique conditions that first sustained life, to the evolution and classification oforganisms that exist today. A specially designed "tree of life" charts the complex and interconnected relationships between species. EXTRAORDINARY DIVERSITY At the heart ofthe book is a breathtaking visual m^ catalog with '' ) full-color entries. In addition to plants, animals, tungi, and microscopic lif 'S, this encycicyi ' ' >rv also covers rocks, mim*J "md fossils, providing an unparalleled survey ofthe natuia, rid. , LOOK CLOSER Specially commissioned photographic features zoom in on single specimens, drawing readers into close encounters with some of Earth's most spectacular species. * • Perfect for the entire family, from students to amateur naturalists, Natural History is a testament to the beauty ofour world and an inspiration to conservationists everywhere. $50 00 USA $55.0' acla r o3! r% /*? m *K 4 ' x r & W f^( f Digitized by the Internet Archive 2012 in http://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryulOOhenn NATURAL HISTORY | > t ' / ft < . . ' it'' // /. 1 i ' m ' / > . 1 \ '..,4 1 * • \ fcta 1 : r» m SMITHSONIAN O NATURAL HMil ULT1IM ATI SU GUTIDI o OEVERYTRHING ONYEARTH V I S \ l I FOREWORD 6 LONDON. NEW YORK. MELBOURNE ABOUTTHIS BOOK 8 MUNICH, AND DELHI DK PUBLISHING SENIOR PROJECT EDITOR Katlirvn lcnncss\ I PROJECT EDITOR VictoriaWiggins SENIOR ART EDITORS Gadi Farfour, EDITORS BeckyAlexander,Ann Baggalev, Kim Dennis-Bryan, Ferdie McDonald, Elizabeth Munsey, Peter Preston, CressidaTuson,AnneYclland US EDITORS Jill Hamilton, Christine Heilman, Jane Perlmutter DESIGNERS Paul Drislane, Nicola Erdpresser, Phil Fit/gerald,Anna Hall, Richard Horsford, Stephen Knovvlden, Dean Morris,Amy LIVING EARTH MINERALS, MICROSCOPIC Orsborne, SteveWoosnam-Savage AND ROCKS, LIFE SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPHY Gary Ombler A living planet 12 PICTURE RESEARCH Neil Fletcher, FOSSILS Active Earth 14 Peter Cross, Julia Harris-Voss, Sarah Hopper, PROKARYOTES 90 Liz Moore, Rebecca Sodergren,JoWalton, Changing climates 16 DebraWeatherley, and SuzanneWilliams Hahitats for life 18 MINERALS 38 PROTISTS 94 DDATKApBiAcStEurPeetleribCroaorky,CDlaaivriedBRoowbeerrsts Human impact 20 ROCKS 62 Amoebas and relatives 96 Origins of life 22 Flagellates 97 PRODUCTION EDITORTony Phipps FOSSILS 74 SENIOR PRODUCTION CONTROLLER Evolution and diversity 24 Rhizarians 98 Inderjit Bhullar Evolution in progress 26 Alveolates 100 MANAGING EDITOR Camilla Hallinan Classification 28 Heterokonts 101 MANAGING ART EDITOR Karen Self Animal genealogy 30 Red and green algae 103 ART DIRECTOR Phil Ormerod Tree of life 32 ASSOCIATE publisher LizWheeler REFERENCE PUBLISHERJonathan Mctcalf DK INDIA MANAGING EDITOR Rohan Sinha ART DIRECTOR Shcfali Upadhyay CONTENTS PROJECT MANAGER MalavikaTalukdcr PROJECT EDITOR Kingshuk Ghoshal PROJECT ART EDITOR Mitun Banerjcc EDITORSAlka Ranjan, Samira Sood, Garima Sharma ART EDITORS Ivy Roy, Mahua Mandal, \ Nccrja Rawat PRODUCTION MANAGER Pankaj Sharma dtp Coordinator Sunil Sharma SENIOR DTP DESIGNERS DhcerajArora, Jagtar Singh, PushpakTyagi FirstAmerican Edition, 2010 First published inthe United Statesby DK Publishing SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION CONSULTANT EDITOR 375 Hudson Street — NewYork,NewYork 10014 Established in 1846, the Smithsonian I—nstitution the world's David Burnie is a former 10 11 12 1L3D104961—00998/7106 54 32 1 largest museum and research complex includes 19 museums winner oftheAventis Prize for and galleries and the National Zoological Park.The total number Science Books, and the editor © Copyright 2010 Dorling Kindcrsley Limited of objects, works ofart, and specimens in the Smithsonian's ofDK's highly successful Animal. © Forewordcopyright 2010 Smithsonian Institution collections is estimated at 1 37 million, the bulk ofwhich is He has written or contributed All rightsreserved.Without limitingthe rights contained in the National Museum ofNatural History, which holds to more than 100 books and is a unpdueblriccaotpiyornigmhatyrebseerrveepdroadbuocveed,,nsotopraerdtionfotrhis more than 126 million specimens and objects.The Smithsonian fellow ofthe Zoological Society introduced intoa retrieval system,ortransmitted, is a renowned research center, dedicated to public education, ofLondon. inany form, orby any means (electronic, mechanical, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history. photocopying, recording, orotherwise), without CONTRIBUTORS the priorwrittenpermission ofboth thecopyright ownerandthe above publisherofthishook. SMITHSONIAN CONSULTANTS Dr. Stephen Cairns, Dr.Allen Collins, Dana M. De Roche, Richard Beatty,Amy-Jane Beer, PDuobrlliisnhgedKiinndGerresaltevBrLiitmaiintebdy Dr. Carla Dove, Leslie Hale, Dr. M. G. (Jerry) Harascwych, Gary Dr. Charles Deeming, Dr. Kim A catalogretchoerLdibfrorartyhiosfbCooonkgriessasv.ailable from DHre.veDla,vDird.LR.afPaaewlsoLne,maPiaturle,PoDhr.waCth,riDsr.MeJeyfefrr,eyDEr.. PJoosnt,NoDrr.enKbluarugs, DDre.nnCihsr-iBsryGainb,soDnr,.DFerraenckesHaDrivpepye,r, Rutzler, Dr. Hans-Dieter Sues, Dr. MichaelVecchione, Dr.Warren ProfessorTim Halliday, Geoffrey ISBN 978-07566-6752-8 Wagner, Dr. JeffreyT.Williams, Dr. Don E.Wilson, Dr. George Zug Kibby, Joel Levy, Felicity Maxwell, DK booksareavailableatspecial discounts when Dr. George C. McGavin, Dr. Pat purchased inbulkforsales promotions, premiums, ADDITIONAL CONSULTANTS Morris, Dr. Douglas Palmer, fund-raising,oreducational use. Fordetails,contact: DK PublishingSpecial Markets, 375 Hudson Street, Dr. Matthew D. Kane, Dr. James D. Lawrey, Dr. Diana Lipscomb, Dr. Katie Parsons, Chris Pellant, NewYork, NewYork, [email protected] Dr. Robert Lucking, Dr.Thorsten Lumbsch,Andrew M. Minnis, Helen Pellant, Michael Scott, Printedand bound in China bv Dr. Ashleigh Smythe, Dr.William B.Whitman Carol Usher Leo Paper Products Ltd Discovermoreat www.dk.com 1 PLANTS FUNGI ANIMALS UYlRWORIs 108 MUSHROOMS 210 INVERTEBRATES 24S Vlbatrosses, petrels, MOSSES 1 10 nU 111N(,1 2 36 SPonges >50 ami shearwaters 1 !1 URNs Cnidai ians !S2 c riebes 423 U \\1) Rl 1 \1 1\ I S 112 1 ICHENS 242 i latworms >56 Flamingos 424 ( UJS,GINKGOS, Roundworms Stoi ks, Ibises, and berons 425 indgni tophi hn 1 16 Segmented worms >58 I'rln ,ms anil relati>is 1 !8 COMF1 RS IS Velvel worms >58 Biids ol pre\ I JO 1 FLOWERING PI UTO 122 WAarttehrrobpeoadrss >!6590 CWraadneerss,angdullrsa,ilsand auks Il I38I Kisal angiosperms 124 \i,u hnids >62 Sandgntuse 452 Magnoliids S v.\ spiders >68 Pigeons and doves i ;3 Monocotyledons I JO I lorseshoe i rabs !68 I'ai'iiils anil i 1»< katOOS 456 1 udicotvledons ISO Crustac eans 269 Cuckoos, hoatzin, and turacos 460 Insects 274 Owls 463 Ribbon worms {(HI Nightjars m^\ (rogmouths 467 Bryozoans J00 1 [ummingbirds and sv* His 469 ampshells J01 Trogons 472 1 MolluslcS ^01 Mousebirds 472 13i\al\is id 1 Kingfishers .uu\ relatives 47 3 Gastropods J04 Wilodpeckers and toucans 477 Cephalopods J09 Passerines 482 Chitons Jl 3 MAMMALS 500 lusk shells 31 \ 1 gg laying mammals 502 I i binoderms J14 Pouched mammals 503 CHORDATES 318 Sengis 512 Tenrecs and golden moles 51 3 FISH 320 Aardvark 514 jaw less fish* S 322 )ugong and manatees 515 1 (lartilaginous fishes 323 [yraxes 515 1 Ra\ -finned fishes J30 lephants 516 1 I obe finned fishes 349 Armadillos 517 AMPHIBIANS 350 Sl(iths and anteaters 520 Frogs and toads 352 Rabbits, bares, and pikas 521 I ai i ilians 365 Rodents 523 Salamanders and newts 366 1 ree shrews '.3 3 REPTILES 370 ('<)lll^<is 533 Primates 534 Turtles and tortoises 372 Bats 550 luataras 379 1 ledgehiigs and mimmrats 558 I izards $80 Moles and relatives 559 Vmphisbat nians IS1) Pangolins 561 Snakes J90 ( .11 IIJMII1 s 562 Croi "clili v and a rs 400 ( )d<l toed ungulates 588 BIRDS 404 1 m ii toed ungulati s Tinamous 406 Whales, porpoises, K.itit. s 106 ,m<\ dolphins 612 I <>u I, -j.11 m liir<|s .11MI Ii lativi s 408 Watl rfowl 412 GLOSSARY 618 nins 416 INDEX 622 I oons i !0 \( KNOW] 1 DGM1 MS 644 P^^r '.7"" ^^*: 2»'^ if ^ >'. * %