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Dizionario di politica PDF

1283 Pages·1983·42.124 MB·Italian
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DIZIONARIO DI POLITICA diredtat o NORBERTOB·O BBION,I COLAM ATTEUCCI E GIANFRANCPOA SQUINO Seconda edizione iena tmeprlaimaetnat e riveduta UTET © 1983U nionTei pografico-EdTiotrriincees e corsRoa ffaell2o8,- 1012T5o rino È vietaltaar iproduziaonnceh ep arziailne qualsifaosrim ae conq ualsiasi (mceozmz­o presfeo tocopei mei croffim). StamperAirat istNiaczai onale corso Sira3c7u- s1a0,1 3T6o rino ISBN8 8-02-03702-7 Oltrael c oordinamegnetnoe radleelD izioniaD riiroe ttsoirs io nos eparatamente assunqtuoe lldois ingoalree dei v ocoi seziodneil l'opIelrc ao.o rdinamednitt aol une altrsee zioèns it ataoffi dation vecaeg li stucdhieqo usii indichAida emsos.vi a i ls en­ titroi ngraziamdeeniDt ior etteo dreil lCaa saE ditrice. Prof.F RANCESMCAOR GIOTTBAR OGLIdOe,l l'UnivedrisF iitràe nzpee,r l as ezione Stateo C hiesa; ProfS.E RGIPOI STONdEe,l l'UnivedrisT iotrài nop,e rl as ezioRnee laziionntie rna­ zionali; ProfM.A RINO REGdeIlNlI',U nivdeirMs iiltaàn op,e rJ lsae zioRnee laziionndiu striali; ProfM.A SSIMLO.S ALVADOdReIl,l 'UnivedrisT iotrài nop,e rl as ezioDnoe ttrien e movimesnotcii alisti; ProfP.I EGRI ORGIZOU NINdOe,l l'UnivedriTs oirtiàn po,e rl as ezioCnre istianesimo ep olitica. INTR ODUZ IONE Ill inguapgogliièot n ioctoo riaammebnitgLeua om .a ggipoarrd teeti e rmuisnait i nedli scoprosloih taincndooi vesrisgin ificQauteisv.ta ar ideitpàe sniddaea fla tcthoe moldtii quteesrtmihi annin aot travuenrasl autnogv ai cednidm au tamenti storici - alcupnaer ofloen damecnits aolnsiot attrea manddaagtsleci r itgtroercciio ,m e «d emocr»a,«z a irai sto»c,«r d aezsip»ao telaa s tes«spao l»i t-i,c sai daa l fatto chen one sissitena od o rau nas ciepnozlai ttaincrtaio g ordoaes sas errieu sac ita determei niaam rpeo irnrm eo duon iveou cnoi versaalcmceoinlltst eio g nificdaetlloe paroplieaù b itualmenteL ama adgogpieporarar tdteieq. u esptaer osloend oe rivate dalli nguacgogmiuoen en es erbalnafl ou idei tlà' incedretcieo znfiznaAi n.c hlee paroclhehe a nnaos suunnts oi gnificatoa tttercanlvi'ecerols aob odrica ozlioocnrheoe usano il lingau sacgogptioeo o rpvioeclnoig tocinocono t inuiammmeenstsneee l li n­ guaggdieoll loat ptoali tqiucoat idcihaeèn cao,m batntounbt ia,s odginmae nticarlo, ing rapna rctoeln ' ardmeallp aa roels au,b isvcaornioa ezt iroansip osdiisz einosnoi, intenzein ooninan ltie nzsipoensarslioil ,e vNaenllit nig.u agdgeillloao tptoal iqtuioc­a tidipaanraoo lrei ginaroi daatm eemnptioem memortaebcinliecc ohme«eo, l iga»r,c hia «t irannia», e«l dasi ttets«ads teaum roac»r,av zeinag»ou,ns oac toem pea rodleleli n­ guagcgoimou enq eu inidnmi o dnoo unn ivPoacor.op liepù r opriatmeecnnticeco hmee, sontou tti«i sg»ml idi ic uèi r icicllo i nguapgoglii-ot i«csoo cial«ic sommou»­, nismo<f <asci»s,<m p<oe ron»i,s« mm aor xi»s,m< lo<e nin»i,<s s<mt oa li»n,ei cscm.o >>, indicfaennoo msetnoir ciocsciìo mpleeslsaib,o rdaoztitornciion sacìlo in trodvae rse, essesrues cetdteillpbeii dùli iv eirnstee rpretazioni. Orbelnoes ,c odpioq uesDtizoi onaèrq iuoe ldlioo ff riar uenl ettnoornse p ecia­ lisatlal,' ucoomloat lol,so t udednetlselc eu omleed iseu pereid oerlil 'uniav cehris ità, legggieo rnear liiv ipsotlei teia cshceoc,l oftnear endzies,c ocrosmiia,zs is,ia sd tieb at­ titteil evciosnidvodita,et sip eer dtaiu omipnoil iutniacs ip,i egaez uinoain net er­ pretaszeimopnleei t ceen denzieaslamuernditeeecin o tnec pertitnic ciphafela in npoa rte dell'udneidlvi esrcspooor lsioe tsipcoon,e ln'deovnoel sutzoiroainnceaa l,i zzla'nudsoon e attuale, faceanidc oo ncraeifffitentroiiip meecrno tnot raansttiot ientdiicciaa,un tdoor i edo peardee sspiid ùi rettacmoellnetgea ti. Siccolm'eu nidveelilrn sgou agpgoiliot niocnoè unu nivecrhsioue s coo munica cong luin ivcerosnit iqguuaiql,ui e ldleol l'ecodneolslmoaic ai,o ldoegdlii ar,is tit o, troverianqn uneosD tizoi onaarnicohp ea rodleell i nguaegcgoinoo mciocmo<ec,< a pi­ tali>s>mo,o s ociolocgoimce<o<c ,l a»ss,oe g iuridciocmo«e,c odificaziIolln eet»t.o re VIII INTRODUZIONE nonv ic ercuhniat rattaczoimopnlceeh tpeau òt rovsaortelt aos tesvsoaci end izio­ narrii spettievcaomneonmstioecc ii,o lgoiguirciipd,ei rccqihu,ési o nsot aatcec oel te illusctornra itfee riamgelanist poep titpùir opriapmoelnidtteeicl co in ceDtetlro e.s to, a deifrfendziaa l tsrcei ecnhzheea nnuon ap ilùu ntgraa diezu inoaan uet onormiicao ­ noscieur tias peltats actiaep,no zlai tainccash,eeh aa ntiocrhieg nionnhi a,r aggiunto unac ompiauuttao nocmoiscaìh ea de sshaa nndoa teoc ontinau daanrioem portanti contrtiabnusttooic ioq/uaagnigt iou ritsatneitc,oo nomqiusatnsitt oo rNiocnid .e ve sorpresneda e rreed igleevr oecd iiq uesto disziiaosnntoaa itrniiv oi toalttgirl,ei scienpzoilaitptiri ocpir iadmeetnattniec, h seo ciog/iaugriie,sc toin,o mei ssttoir ici. Nonè dae sclucdheelr aed iveprrsoav endieegnalzuiat odreilv loec siis irai per­ cosisnau nac erdtias eguaog lidoaifrnfmziadt isà t iel aen chdeil inguaMgag siio . tratdtiia n convecnhireei ntteen aillaoms ot,aa ttot udaellleso v iludpepgsolt iu pdoil i­ ticiin,e vitabile. Nessudneoti e rmdienllii nguapgogliièot iidceoo loginceaumternoatglene u:dn io esspiu òe sseurseai tnob asael l'oriepnotlaimdteeinlctloo' upteserun stcei rteaarzei oni emotipveeor,t tenaeprper ovaozd iiosnaep prodviua nzaci eorncteoa n doitnfitnape,e r provoccoanrsee ond sios sePnesqrou .a nstiso i cae rcdaiet voi tla'rudese oll i nguaggio prescrliapt rteisvuon,dz eidloo nveees rs eers eis, i par efelradi etsac ridzeidioi nvee rsi signifiicdaetoil ioncg uiuicn it ermviineeun sea atloli am posidziui noodn iee sscii,o è sis isae mpcreer cdaitp oa rlianmr oed iolp inùe utrpaolses idbipi alreoc lhede i p er ses tesnsoens onmoa in eutrnaolins, ip uòe sclucdhegerli ea utodreil le singole voci, sopratdtiqu utetlonl eelc luami a tepriisaùi a gitea pniosù i s onaog itlaetp ea s­ siodniip artaeb,b ialnaos ctiraatpoe llela orreso i mpaet liele o raon tipaLt'iiem.­ passibèi ulniavt iàr dtifùcfi ilEe q.u anèd oc ondoatltla' esctornesmeag udeenlz a distaoc pceog gdieol lif'efirnednnzoanè, n epppuiruù n av irtù. Comteu tidt iiz ioannacrqhiue,e scthohe,a a ffronltaat troa ttadziui noamn aet eria accideen dtaacito an tocrnoin fsuesniaz,va e arlel sep alluen at radiczoinosnoel idata dii mpraensael ongohpneu ,nò o ne sselraec unLoasm oa.n cadnezlapl aer odlegele rgo poliqtuioctoi dèii natnoe nzAilcounnalela ec.us noena op pargeinatcicp,he néro, nm o l­ tipliicnaurtei limlne unmteedr eoll veo cmia,t earffiinesi o nsot artieu nsiotteut noa idenvtoicc(eaep err intraicl/ceitatrfo/arerue às doe ll'IndiceA latnlraaelc iutniec o). dipendcoenrot amdeanp tuerd ai mentisccaunszaan:d coica eungeu,r idaitm roo vare lettcoorsaiìt tednatr ie ndercsoennteeo c osdii ligdeafn atric elo sapere. Nonostiad nifteetc thile ' ediet coiur rea stoonrioip riamn io nv olnears condere, ritencihaqemu oe sDtizoi onapreioror ,na u ovneosl u goe nenreenl o stpraoe sceo,r ri­ sponadbab astbaennzaeal lceo ndizdiiso vniil udpepllsoec iesnozcei ianIl tia ldiia , cuhia c ercaatttor,a lvaes rcseol tcao lldaib ordaetllpoair dùii veprrsoav endiiesnczia­ plineai rdee olodgiei scsaeu,rn eos peccfheidoee lc eh,ev ,e neinndcoo natlrlo' esigenza dic hiarceoznzcae tctouspaìrl oef ondasmeenntitinqet u ae satnind iii ntevnisvoa,c e, sempprievù a sdtiob atptoiltiotr iiceosa,c s ao ddislf'airnet ecrreessscpeee nrgt lei stupdoil idteincteirf ou olrais cuola. LA DIREZIONE INTRODUZIONE ALLA SECONDA EDIZOINE Las ecoenddiaz idoeDnlie z ionadripi ool ittiecsat imaonnziiat,du etltlo',i nteresse chee sshoas usci(teda etcloo nsegsuuecnctenese sldolif auf sionIens) e.c olnudoog o èi lp rododtetlol 'essiegnetsniiztdaaaa n osii daa ll'eddiai ptporroef oanldciutern ­ee maticdhice o,o rdimneagrlleiev o o cdiic iassceutnte o,ir nfien ed,ii nsevroicnriue o ve. Ill esspiocliot ei qcuoe lpliopù r opriapmoelnitteo slioa grircioc chriaspciodnao­ mentsep:e saspop aiionnfoa,ft etnio,m neunoidv eig dniia nalei vsein gountoi lizzati nuosvcih ecmoin cetcthumeae lrii tdaien sos eprree cidseafitneiir ,ti id efiPnairteic.c hie sonqou inidnqi u,e ssteac oenddiaz iloevn oecn,iu ovmeo,l lteve o crii struatltturreatt­e, tanlteev ocrii tocec paotceh,i sdsici omnes,e guleevn ozciain, t atte. Anzpio,i cahlfié n dei r endielDri ez ionaurnioso t rumaennctpooir uù t inloesn o lo pelrac onsultmaaza inocnpheeel,r ' approfodnitd eimemip e enlrtar o i ceaructao noma, quatsuit lteve o csio nsot adtoet adtiue n ab ibliopgiraùam fipaie ap icùo mpl(ectoan l'aggdieulncltaaas ead itpreirrce en dpeirfùea ciillr ee peridmeevino tlou cmiit ati), sip uòd irceh qeu anseis svuoncaèe r imacsotma' era. Ins trertatpop ocrotmlou tamecnotnot idneullroae alptoàl iets ioccai oaglgepi,i ù chien p assaèmt uot,a dtuon qaunec qhuee sDtiozi onadripi ool itcihcneao ens itiamo ac onsidielpr iaaùrm ep ieoa rticporloadtodoti rt ifloe sssiuolnpleoa l iatpipcaafir ­so norianI talCii aau.g uridaiom tot enpeeqrrue e sntuao vead iziloosn tee sgsroa ddoi considecrhaèezs itoanrteio s erdvaacitr oi tedi acliie ttaolrlpiar imea,a nzdiio, t te­ neruen rai spossept oas,s iabniclpoeiri,ù n teeni snaf orAmlat team.ps ot essspoe,r iamo chees scao ntriabs uuisscciat are sermiflpeprsiesmù ia otnusiru ell naa tudrealp loal i­ ticesa u pir oblcehmeeis spao nNea.t uralsmaernetlmeio,ed tiri i cecvreirteci ocshter ut­ tivnee lcloan sapevcohlese,emz ozlaèt goi sàt aftaot mtool,ta on correas dtaaf are, giaclcash tée dsisnaa mdiecsiai stpeomliic toimcpil neosnms ain chdeiro àff rinrueo ve occasdiiao nnaili si. Siamion fisniec cuhrqeiu esDtiozi onacroisot iutnuabi arsàie n dispednasc aubii le sid ovrpaàr toir riep arpteicrro en tiniulda irbea ttito. LA DIREZIONE ELENCO DEGLI AUTORI ALDOA GOSTUIn,i verdsiTi otràin o LORENZBOE DESCHUIn,i verdsiUi rtbài no (Internazionalismo) (Modernismo) MAUROA MBROSOLIU,n iverdsiTi otrài no SILVANBOE LLIGNUIn,i verdsiTi otrài no (Brigant-agCgeinos- oL uddism-oQ uestion(eA ntifasc-iAspmpoa ra-tEog emon-iaE stre­ agraria) mism-o Frontpeo polare) ANNAA NFOSSUIn, iverdsiTi otràin o FABRIZBIEON CINFIi,r enze (Proprineatp àa,r te) (Burocratizzazione) FULVIAOT TINÀU,n iverdsiCi attàa nia GIORGIBOI ANcmT,o rino (Aggressi-oAnlel ean-zaA ppeasement( Cast-a Criminid ig uerr-a Genocid-io Geopolit-icGau errig-liRaa ppresag-liNae utrali-smRoe azion-eR evansci-smo Seceos snie ) Sciovinismo) GIANNBIA GETB ozza,G enova NoRBERTO BoBUBnIiOv, erdsiTi otrài no (Pensiseorcoi aclrei stiano) (Democra-ziDai rit-tDoi sobbediceinvzial e - Dispotis-mÉol iteTse,o ridae ll-eF ana­ CARLOB ALDIU,n iverdsiBi otlào gna tism-oG overnom ist-oL egal-itMàa rxismo - Oligarc-hPiaac -e Pacifi-sPmlou rali-smo (AsilDoi,r itdtio - Autodetermina-zione Polit-icSac ienpzoal it-icSao ciectiàv ile) Statdo' assedio) LUIGBIo NANATUE,n iverdsiTi otrài no CARLOBS ARBÉU,n iverdsiT iotràin o (BloccPhoil,i tdieci-a Dissuasi-oSnter ategia (Colpdoi S tat-o Peronismo) e politdiecgal air mamen-tTie rroripsomloi ­ tico) DOMENICOB ARILLARgOi,à dell'Univerdsii tà Roma (II) TIZIANBOO NAZZUI,n iverdsiBi otlào gna (Confessrieolniig iose) (Conservato-riCsomnov enzi-onIes olazio­ nism-o Maccarti-smMoi top olit-icPou ri­ STEFANBOA RTOLINUIn,i versdiiFt ài renze tanesi-mSop oglie, Sistema delle) (Gollismo) LUCIANO BOUNEnTi,v erdsiTi otrài no GIUSEPBPEED ESCHUIn,i versdiiRt ào ma (Anticomun-isAmuot ocri-tiCcaas tri-smo (Comunismo) Deviazionismo)

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