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Se lee ,teaatahtpwaee ser ehoR DIVINE UWTTERANGES DIVINE UTTERANCES THE PERFORMANCE OF AFRO-CUBAN SANTERIA KATHERINE J. HAGEDORN SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington and London © 2001 by the Smithsonian Institution All rights reserved COPY EDITOR: Gregory McNamee PRODUCTION EDITOR: Duke Johns DESIGNER: Amber Frid-Jimenez Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hagedorn, Katherine J. Divine utterances : the performance of Afro-Cuban Santeria / Katherine J. Hagedorn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. Discography: p. Filmography: p. ISBN 1-56098-922-X (alk. paper)— ISBN 1-56098-947-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Santeria music—History and criticism. 2. Blacks—Cuba— Music—History and criticism. _I. Title. ML3565 .H34 2001 781.7'96—dc21 2001020698 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available Manufactured in the United States of America 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 5432 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum re- quirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984. For permission to reproduce illustrations appearing in this book, please correspond directly with the owners of the works, as listed in the individual captions. Uncredited illustrations are by the author. The Smithsonian Institution Press does not re- tain reproduction rights for these illustrations individually, or maintain a file of addresses for photo sources. For my parents, and for Peter, with love CONTENTS List of Figures viii List of Recorded Tracks ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Notes on Fieldwork: Dreaming Ogin 17 El Espectaculo: Invitation to the Dance 44 Embodying the Sacred in Afro-Cuban Performance: ww Negotiating the Rules of Engagement 73 Blurring the Boundaries: Merging Sacred and Profane 107 The Birth of the Conjunto Folklorico 136 aw AQ Sacred Crimes: Criminalizing the Sacred in Historical Perspective 173 Resolver and Religious Tourism in Cuba 203 nN Conclusion 234 Glossary 241 Discography 256 Filmography 259 References 261 Index 287 FIGURES Figure 2.1..Ewedrums 48 Figure 2.2. Gerardo Villarreal dancing for Chang6d 52 Figure 2.3. Mercedes Riscart posing as Yemaya 53 Figure 2.4. Margarita Ugarte dancing forOya 55 Figure 2.5. Spanish participant in Sabado de la Rumba _ 60 Figure 2.6. Part of a Sabado de la Rumba creyente section 61 Figure 3.1. Alberto Villarreal and members of his group 81 Figure 3.2. Transcription of song forOgun 92 Figure 3.3. Alberto Villarreal and hisdrums 99 Figure 5.1. Abakwa firma (sacred drawing) 142 Figure 5.2. Abakwa firma (sacred drawing) 143 Figure 6.1. Oval sketch of Don José Trujillo y Monagas 179 Figure 6.2. Oval sketch of José Teodoro Cardenas y Gonzalez 183 Figure 7.1. La Milagrosa, Cementerio Cristobal Colén, Havana, 1992 209 Vili