Divine Justice PDF
Preview Divine Justice
i ii Divine Justice Martyr Murtaza Mutahhari Translated by Sulayman Hasan Abidi Murtaza Alidina Shuja Ali Mirza International Center for Islamic Studies Publication year: 2004 Publisher: International Center for Islamic Studies, Qum, I.R. Iran Printed by: Towhid printing house ISBN: 964-7741-46-4 All Rights Reserved for the International Center for Islamic Studies CONTENTS FOREWORD VII PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION IX ABOUT THE AUTHOR XV INTRODUCTION 1 PREDESTINATION AND FREEWILL 6 THE ISSUE OF JUSTICE 7 ESSENTIAL GOODNESS AND ESSENTIAL EVIL 8 RATIONALLY DERIVED REALITIES 8 THE MOTIVE AND END OF DIVINE ACTS 10 LINES OF DEMARCATION 12 JUSTICE OR DIVINE UNITY? 12 THE EFFECTS OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY ON ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY 17 THE SHIA INTELLECTUAL SCHOOL 18 THE IDEA OF JUSTICE IN THE FIELD OF JURISPRUDENCE 21 THE TRADITIONALIST-ANALOGIST DISPUTE 22 THE SHIA JURISPRUDENTIAL METHOD 24 THE IDEA OF JUSTICE IN SOCIETY AND THE POLITICAL FORUM 25 THE REAL ORIGIN 26 CONCEPTUAL OUTLINE OF THE SUBJECT 35 HUMAN VS. DIVINE JUSTICE 35 VARIOUS LINES OF APPROACH 40 WHAT IS JUSTICE? 46 A. BALANCE 46 i B. EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION 48 C. RIGHTS-GIVING TO EACH THING ITS DUE 49 D. EMANATION OR BESTOWAL OF BEING ON MERITS AND NOT ABSTAINING FROM THIS IN RESPECT OF THAT WHICH CAN POSSIBLY EXIST OR BE FURTHER PERFECTED 50 OBJECTIONS AND CRITICISMS 53 JUSTICE AS A PILLAR OF FAITH AND PRINCIPLE OF RELIGION 55 JUSTICE AND WISDOM 56 DUALISM 58 SATAN 64 PHILOSOPHICAL PESSIMISM 70 COYNESS OR OBJECTION? 77 PROBLEM SOLVED 83 ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY 83 METHODS AND APPROACHES 84 DISCRIMINATION 87 IS THE ORDER IN THE UNIVERSE INHERENT? 91 A PLEASANT AND LASTING MEMORY 94 DIFFERENTIATION NOT DISCRIMINATION 96 THE SECRET OF DIFFERENCES 97 THE VERTICAL ORDER 99 THE HORIZONTAL ORDER 103 DIVINE PRECEDENT OR WAY 106 WHAT IS THE LAW? 110 EXCEPTIONS 110 DIVINE DECREE AND THE ISSUE OF COMPULSION 113 SUMMARY 115 EVILS 117 THREE ASPECTS OF THE DISCUSSION 117 OUR METHOD 118 THE ISSUE OF THE DUALITY OF EXISTENCE 118 ii EVIL IS NON-EXISTENTIAL 119 EVIL IS RELATIVE 123 EVILS FROM THE ASPECT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE 129 BENEFITS OF EVILS 131 THE ISSUE OF SEPARATION OF GOOD AND EVIL 132 THE TOTAL ORDER 134 UGLINESS AS THE MANIFESTER OF BEAUTY 135 SOCIETY OR INDIVIDUAL? 137 DIFFERENCES OF CAPACITIES 139 CALAMITIES, THE SOURCE OF FELICITIES 142 TRIBULATIONS FOR DIVINE FRIENDS 147 PEDAGOGICAL EFFECT OF CALAMITIES 149 CONTENTMENT WITH DIVINE DECREE 152 ADVERSITY AND BLESSINGS ARE RELATIVE 153 RECONCILIATION OF CONTRADICTORIES AND OPPOSITES 158 THE PHILOSOPHIC BASIS OF OPPOSITION 163 SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSION 164 DEATH 169 THE PHENOMENON OF DEATH 169 ANXIETY OF DEATH 170 DEATH IS RELATIVE 171 THE WORLD IS A WOMB FOR THE SOUL 172 WORLD AS A SCHOOL FOR MAN 174 BASIS OF THE OBJECTION 176 DEATH IS AN EXTENSION OF LIFE 180 RETRIBUTION 185 REWARD OF DEEDS 185 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO WORLDS 186 A. CONSTANCY AND CHANGE 188 iii B. PURE AND TAINTED LIFE 188 C. SOWING AND REAPING 189 D. INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE DESTINY 191 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO WORLDS 194 THREE TYPES OF RETRIBUTION 196 WARNING AND REPRIMAND 196 WORLDLY CONSEQUENCES 198 PUNISHMENTS OF THE HEREAFTER 201 REMINISCENCES OF A TEACHER 207 SUMMARY 209 INTERCESSION 213 OBJECTION AND QUESTION 213 WEAKNESS OF THE LAW 215 TYPES OF INTERCESSION 217 VIOLATION OF LAW 218 SAFEGUARDING THE LAW 220 INTERCESSION OF LEADERSHIP 221 INTERCESSION OF FORGIVENESS 226 PRECEDENCE OF MERCY 226 THE PRINCIPLE OF PURIFICATION 228 THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUILIBRIUM 228 UNIVERSAL MERCY 229 CONNECTION BETWEEN INTERCESSION AND MERCY 230 CONDITIONS FOR INTERCESSION 231 INTERCESSION BELONGS TO GOD ALONE 233 TAWHID AND TAWASSUL 235 RESPONSE TO THE OBJECTIONS 237 GOOD DEEDS OF NON-MUSLIMS 239 OUTLINE OF THE DISCUSSION 239 1. THE GENERAL ASPECT OF THE DISCUSSION 242 2. NO RELIGION EXCEPT ISLAM IS ACCEPTED 244 GOOD DEEDS WITHOUT FAITH 248 TWO WAYS OF THINKING 248 iv THE THIRD LOGIC 249 THE SO-CALLED INTELLECTUALS 250 THE RIGID GROUP 255 VALUE OF BELIEF 259 BEING HELD ACCOUNTABLE FOR UNBELIEF 259 LEVELS OF SUBMISSION 260 TRUE ISLAM AND REGIONAL ISLAM 263 SINCERITY, THE CONDITION FOR THE ACCEPTANCE OF ACTIONS 265 QUALITY OR QUANTITY? 271 THE MOSQUE OF BAHLUL 274 BELIEF IN GOD AND THE HEREAFTER 274 BELIEF IN THE PROPHECY AND IMAMATE 281 AFFLICTION 284 BELOW THE ZERO POINT 290 THE INCAPABLE AND THE POWERLESS 291 FROM THE VIEW OF THE ISLAMIC SAGES 300 THE SINS OF MUSLIMS 302 CREATIONAL CONDITIONS AND CONVENTIONAL CONDITIONS 309 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 315 ENDNOTES 319 INDEX 335 v
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