Diversity of Syrphidae (Diptera) in central appalachian forests

2006·7.8 MB·

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
108(4), 2006, pp. 964-976
DIVERSITY OF SYRPHIDAE (DIPTERA) IN CENTRAL
APPALACHIAN FORESTS
CYNTHIA J. FRITZLER, CRYSTAL B. MAYLE, JOHN S. STRAZANAC, AND LINDA BUTLER
Plant and Soil Sciences4Entomology, P.O. Box 6108, West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected])
Abstract.4Species richness and abundance of Syrphidae in the central Appala-
chian forests was sampled with Malaise traps from 1995 through 2001. Syrphids
were identified from the George Washington National Forest, Virginia, and the
Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. Of the 131 species identified,
Eristalinae were the most species rich subfamily making up 61% of the total
richness (80); Syrphinae were the most abundant making up 66% (5,138) of the total
sampled abundance; Microdontinae with 3% of the total richness (4) represented
8% (587) of the total sampled abundance.
Key Words: Syrphidae, central Appalachian forests, species richness, diversity
Syrphidae are one of the more diverse A project was initiated in 1995 to
families of Diptera with nearly 6,000 study the effects of biopesticide control
species described worldwide; approxi- of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.))
mately 870 species in 88 genera occur in (Strazanac et al. 2003a, Strazanac and
the Nearctic Region (Vockeroth and Butler 2005) on nontarget organisms.
Thompson 1987). Adult syrphids rank Pollinators were a part of the original
second only to bees (Hymenoptera: study plan which included a defoliation
Apoidea) as important flower-visiting treatment caused by gypsy moth. While
and flower-pollinating insects (Larson gypsy moth was effectively removed due
et al. 2001). Syrphid larvae have highly a pathogenic fungus, limiting defoliation,
diverse feeding habits (Duffield 1981, important pollinators, including 4 syr-
Maier 1982, Vockeroth and Thompson phids, continued to be tallied. From the
1987, Rotheray 1993); Syrphinae include sampling of adult syrphids we deter-
important predators of Homoptera and mined their richness and abundance
other soft bodied insects such as young within the broadleaf-pine forests in the
caterpillars, Eristalinae are primarily adjacent George Washington National
saprophagous, with some exceptions 1n- Forest (GWNF) and Monongahela
cluding phytophagy, and predation with- National Forest (MNF) in the central
in the Pipizini, and Microdontinae are Appalachians.
predators on ant broods. In America
MATERIALS AND METHODS
north of Mexico, species recognition
relies primarily on the more conspicuous Eighteen 200-ha_ study plots were
adults, approximately 7% of which located in the GWNF and the MNF
have their immature stages associated (Strazanac 8et aly 2003a)" (Fig! 1) Phe
(Thompson 1990). GWNEF study plots were along the
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 4 965
west with the collecting head up slope.
Fifteen weekly samples were taken early
May through mid-August from 1995
through 2001. Malaise sampled Syrphi-
dae were sorted, tallied, and stored in
70% ethanol. Material was later pinned
and processed through increasing con-
centrations of ethanol that was replaced
with ethyl acetate before air drying.
Syrphids from 1995 through 1999
(7,763) were fully processed and identi-
fied. Syrphidae from 2000 and 2001
(3,993) were tallied only.
Generic determinations were made by
CJF and CBM using Vockeroth and
Thompson (1987). Species-level identifi-
cations were facilitated for the authors
(CJF, CBM) by F. C. Thompson and his
compilation of keys to most eastern
Syrphidae (unpublished). In addition,
Fig. 1. Appalachian 4 broadleaf-pine forests the works of the following authors were
(after Keys et al. 1995) with study plot locations
regularly referenced: Eristalinae, Coo-
in the George Washington National Forest, Vir-
vert (1996), Coovert and Thompson
ginia, and in the Monongahela National Forest,
West Virginia. (1977), Curran (1921); Microdontinae,
Thompson (1981); and Syrphinae, Knut-
southeast slope of Great North Moun- son (1973), Vockeroth (1980, 1983,
tain in Augusta Co., VA, centered at 1986a, b, 1990, 1992). Species confirma-
38°07'30"N, 79°22'309"W, with elevations tions were made using the collection
of 561-744 m. The MNF study plots at the National Museum of Natural
were in Pocahontas Co., WV, in groups History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
of three on three different mountains, ington, DC with the guidance of F. C.
centered at 38°159N, 80°009W, with Thompson.
elevations of 80541,232 m. Oaks (Quer- Voucher specimens are deposited in
cus spp.) dominate both forest, but the West Virginia University Arthropod
species of hickories (Carya spp.), pines Collection, Morgantown, WV, and the
(Pinus spp.) and maples (Acer spp.) are National Museum of Natural History,
also abundant (Keys et al. 1995). A Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
highly diverse understory of herbaceous DC.
plants (Strazanac et al. 2003a) dominates
the forest floor in the spring until the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
deciduous canopy fully leafs out. From 1995 through 2001, a total of
A randomly placed 30-ha subplot was 11,756 Syrphidae were sampled in the
established on each study plot. Two GWNE and MNF. The relative trend in
Townes-style Malaise traps (Townes year to year abundance (Fig. 2) for the
1972) were set up at different elevations two forests were similar with the excep-
on each subplot usually with one on tion of years 1999 and 2001 when the
a ridge and the other in a valley. Traps sampled abundance was much greater in
were placed on southerly-facing slopes or the MNF. In 1999 there were relatively
ridges, and the trap length oriented east4 large increases in abundance of Syrphus
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GWNF MNF
Abundance
1395 1996 Ago 1998 1999 2000 2001
Fig. 2. Total sampled abundance of Syrphidae from 199542001 in the George Washington National
Forest (GWNF), Virginia, and in the Monongahela National Forest (MNF), West Virginia.
species (Syrphinae) in both forests and reached relatively high numbers in the
Microdon craigheadi Walton (Microdon- GWNEF only.
tinae) in the GWNEF (Fig. 3). Syrphidae Eristalinae was the most species-rich
for 2001 are unsorted so the relative subfamily in the GWNF and MNF com-
increase of the group or groups involved bined, making up 61% of total richness.
are not known. Total abundance from The more abundant Syrphinae made up
1995 through 1999 of Syrphinae in the 36% of the total species richness. Mate-
GWNEF and MNF combined was 66% rial identified through 1999 represents
compared with 26% for Eristalinae. a total of 131 species: species richness
Representatives from 15 tribes (Vock- was greater in the MNF with 118 species
eroth and Thompson 1987) were found collected; 106 species were collected in
in each forest (Table 1). The species-rich the GWNEF (Fig. 4). Distinct differences
Syrphini (35), Milesiini (36), and Bra- between study plots, such as, elevation,
chyopini (23) shared the greatest number rainfall, and vegetation may influence
of species between forests, 26, 22, and 17 the sampled richness. Other major taxa
respectively, while the remaining tribes also had greater species diversity in the
are represented by | to 7 species most MNF compared to the GWNF plots.
of which were shared between forests. Five years (1995-1999) of Malaise sam-
Species richness was not a predictor of pled Symphyta (8,884 adults) produced
the relative sampled abundance within 155 species (Strazanac et al. 2003b,
each tribe. Abundance (1,155) of Tox- Braud et al. 2003) with 127 species from
omerini with three species was exceeded the MNF and 104 from the GWNF.
only by Syrphini abundance (3,602) Similar species richness trends were also
made up of 35 species. Milesiini abun- noted during this long-term study within
dance (618) was third followed by 4 the Lepidoptera (Butler et al. 2001) and
species of Microdontini with a sampled Carabidae (Carrington 2002).
abundance of 587. While Toxomerini All sample years began with high
and Microdontini have similar species abundance; species richness and _ total
richness, they represented different dis- abundance generally peaked by the third
tributional patterns. Toxomerini species week of sampling in the GWNEF and the
were widely distributed in both forest fourth week in the MNF. Most species
and in all the plots while Microdontini were first collected in May (Table 2) and
VOLUME 108, NUMBER 4 967
600
G. Washington N. F.
GM Eristalinae [Hl Microdontinae [J Syrphinae
Ww( ep)( ep)
Abundance
2000
| Monongahela N. F. Re. |
500
400
(ee)( =)( ep)
Abundance
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Fig. 3. Total sampled abundance of Syrphidae by subfamily from 1995-1999 in the George
Washington National Forest, Virginia, and in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia.
those shared between forests typically overlapping adult flight periods. Micro-
first appeared in the GWNF one week don tristis was collected early in the
earlier than in the MNF. Declines in season while M. craigheadi was most
counts of individual species started abundant during the last third of our
earlier in the GWNF, for example, sampling period. Within more abundant
Syrphus torvus Osten Sacken (Syrphinae) species, peaks in male abundance often
quickly declined in mid-May from the occurred before peaks in female abun-
GWNYF, then early June in the MNF. dance (e.g., M. craigheadi, Epistrophe
Seasonal occurrence and abundance for nitidicollis Meigen (Syrphinae), Syrphus
some species, including 7oxomerus gemi- knabi Shannon (Syrphinae)). Males were
natus (Say) (Syrphinae), Toxomerus mar- also typically collected during a shorter
ginatus (Say), Copestylum vesicularium period as was especially evident in
(Curran) (Eristalinae), and Chrysotoxum Chalcosyrphus libo (Walker) (Eristali-
derivatum Walker (Syrphinae), were nae), Dasysyrphus venustus (Meigen)
fairly consistent throughout the 15-week (Syrphinae), and Epistrophe emarginata
sampling period. The two more abun- (Say) (Syrphinae).
dant Microdon species (Microdontinae) Tables | and 2 are conservative in pre-
in the GWNF, M#. craigheadi Walton senting species richness. Six specimens
and M. tristis Loew, had mostly non- tentatively identified as Eupeodes cana-
968 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Table 1. Sampled richness and abundance from 1995-1999 of Syrphidae by tribe in the George
Washington National Forest (GWNEF), Virginia, and in the Monongahela National Forest (MNF),
West Virginia.
Species Richness Abundance
Subfamily Tribe GWNF MNF Total Shared GWNEF MNF Total
Eristalinae
Brachyopini 17 23} 23 17 87 238 325
Callicerini | 1 1 1 12 10 22
Cerioidini ] ] 1 l 16 3 19
Eristalini 2 3 3 2 10 20 30
Merodontini l | 1 1 22 4 26
Milesiini 29 29 36 22 TTS 343 618
Pipizini 6 6 6 6 106 269 aS
Rhingiini 6 5 6 5 186 165 85)
Sericomyiini | ] ] ] 9 51 60
Volucellini 2 1 Dy; l 183 29 PW
Microdontinae
Microdontini 3 2 4 ] 579 8 587
Syrphinae
Bacchini 4 fl 7 4 48 266 314
Paragini 2 2 D D, 49 18 67
Syrphini 28 34 35 26 995 2,607 3,602
Toxomerini 3 2 3 D 525) 630 SS
densis (Curran), Eupeodes confertus weeks ending in mid-May, approximately
(Fluke) and Eupeodes luniger (Meigen) the time our sampling started. Criorhina
are tallied as Eupeodes sp. (Syrphinae). was not sampled in our survey.
Characters used in species determina- Based on the five years of identified
tions for this group may be influenced by material, species accumulation may be
temperature differences experienced dur- approaching an asymptote in both the
ing the pupal stage (DuSek and Laska GWNEF and MNF (Fig. 5). If true, the
1974). The following groups are taxono- MNF does have a richer fauna with 118
mically difficult, species differentiation is species compared to GWNF9s 106 spe-
based on male genitalia and secondary cies. Chao estimators (Colwell 1997)
sexual attributes: Heringia (Eristalinae), suggest the two forests may ultimately
Paragus (Paragus) (Syrphinae), and Pla- prove to be more similar and species rich.
tycheirus (Syrphinae). These genera were Chao 1 and Chao 2 predict GWNF to
identified as far as current literature
permitted. 150
Species counts peaking in the early Py
weeks of our annual sampling period tee a Total
90 Wh 92 » Shared
may indicate that some taxa may be
under-represented or missed. Sampling
60
29 April through 27 September 19914
1993, Cicero and Barrows (2000) collected SRpiecchinee3ss0 s
Criorhina nigriventris Walton and C. 0
verbosa Walker (Eristalinae: Milesiini) in . Te ees 8
Malaise traps in a similar Appalachian aR. Specs SOs smpiigae from
1995-1999 in the George Washington National
habitat at a more northern latitude. These 4 Forest (GWNF). Virginia, and in the Mononga-
species were sampled during the first few hela National Forest (MNF), West Virginia.
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