Diversity in the Power Elite: Ironies and Unfulfilled Promises PDF
Preview Diversity in the Power Elite: Ironies and Unfulfilled Promises
Diversity in the Power Elite Ironies and Unfulfilled Promises Third Edition Richard L. Zweigenhaft Guilford College G. William Domhoff University of California, Santa Cruz ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•London ExecutiveEditor:SarahStanton AssistantEditor:CarliHansen MarketingManager:KimLyons PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield Awhollyownedsubsidiaryof TheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 https://rowman.com UnitA,WhitacreMews,26-34StannaryStreet,LondonSE114AB, UnitedKingdom Copyright©2018byRowman&Littlefield Secondeditioncopyright©2006byRowman&LittlefieldPublishers,Inc.Firstedition publishedin1998byYaleUniversityPress. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Zweigenhaft,RichardL.,author.|Domhoff,G.William.,author. Title:Diversityinthepowerelite:ironiesandunfulfilledpromises/RichardL.Zweigen- haft,GuilfordCollege,G.WilliamDomhoff,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz. Description:ThirdEdition.|Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,[2018]|Revisededitionof theauthors’Diversityinthepowerelite,c2006.|Includesbibliographicalreferences andindex. Identifiers:LCCN2017047122(print)|LCCN2017048655(ebook)|ISBN 9781538103388(electronic)|ISBN9781538103364(cloth:alk.paper)|ISBN 9781538103371(pbk.:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Elite(Socialsciences)—UnitedStates.|Power(Socialsciences)—Unit- edStates.|Culturalpluralism—UnitedStates.|Minorities—UnitedStates. Classification:LCCHN90.E4(ebook)|LCCHN90.E4Z9442018(print)|DDC305.5/ 20973—dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017047122 TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Contents PrefaceandAcknowledgments v 1 TheIroniesandUnfulfilledPromisesofDiversity 1 2 JewsinthePowerElite 15 3 WomeninthePowerElite 45 4 BlacksinthePowerElite 87 5 LatinosinthePowerElite 129 6 AsianAmericansandSouthAsiansinthePowerElite 153 7 LGBTPeopleinthePowerElite 173 8 TheIroniesofDiversity 195 Notes 229 Index 273 AbouttheAuthors 287 iii Preface and Acknowledgments Thisisthethirdeditionofadiversityprojectthatbeganin1994.Inthisnew edition,weexplorethecareerpathwaysofthenewarrivalstothepowerelite. Andnowthatwehavedecadesofdatatodrawon,wearebetterabletostep back and look at trends over time. Have things changed in similar ways for the various groups we look at in terms of representation in the political, corporate,andmilitaryelites?Whyorwhynot?Havethingsimprovedforall groups,stayedthesame,orgottenworse?How?Andwhy? Obviously, in the dozen years since the last edition of the book was published, thecountry has elected, twice, anAfrican American as president. (Itlookedasifweweregoingtoelectthefirstwomanpresident,butthatdid not happen.) Many white women and people of color have served in presi- dentialcabinets,asdirectorsandCEOsofFortune500boards,inthemilitary elite, and also in Congress and on the Supreme Court. Perhaps the most dramaticchangesinthelargerculturehavehadtodowiththetreatmentand acceptance of people who are gender and sexual minorities. In our eighth chapter,weexploresomeofthechangesthathavetakenplace,andtheextent to which these changes have affected who is in, or remains excluded from, thepowerelite. There are many people we want to thank for the considerable help they havegivenusalongtheway,whichmadethesethreeeditionspossible.This includes many friends and colleagues who have read drafts of chapters and given us feedback. Among other things, they have tried their best to help us avoid language that might offend some of the groups about whom we have written(noeasytask,giventhelinguisticchangesthattakeplaceovertime). v vi PrefaceandAcknowledgments For this help, alphabetically, we thank Richard Alba, Edna Bonacich, Dan Clawson, John D’Emilio, Peter Dreier, Joe Feagin, Aida Hurtado, Jeffrey Janowitz, John Kitsuse, Rhonda F. Levine, Catherine Lew, Wendy Mink, LauraO’Toole,PerryPatterson,VaniaPenha-Lopes,TomPettigrew,Martha JuliaSellers,SteveSellers,EarlSmith,DavidThomas,DeborahWoo,Steve Wright,andLisaYoung. Many generously have shared their data, their ideas, and suggestions about how to find what we were seeking, for which we are deeply grateful. Thanksto Carol Bowie, SheryllCashin,Jan Combopiano, Amelia Costigan, Nancy DiTomaso, Lisette Garcia, Peter Garrett, Christy Glass, Kelly Glew, RoderickHarrison,JerryJacobs,RoryKramer,RobertLivingston,Frederick B. Lynch, Lory Manning, Charles Moskos, Nicholas Pearce, Cliff Staples, Sandra Timmons, Emily Troiano, and Lynda Woodworth. For this most re- cent edition, we are especially grateful to political scientist Seth McKee at Texas Tech University for helping us understand the ways in which redis- tricting led to a large increase in African Americans in the House in the 1990s, to Rachel Riskind, a psychologist at Guilford College, who provided invaluablefeedbackonanearlierdraftofthechapteronLGBTindividualsin the power elite, and to Myles B. Caggins III, a lieutenant colonel in the US ArmywhoworksinpublicaffairsfortheDepartmentofDefense,forprovid- ing us with data on women and people of color who have achieved officer rankintheUSmilitary. For all three editions of the book, we have drawn on the good work of generationsofundergraduatesatGuilfordCollege.Amongotherthings,they have assisted with gathering data on the many people we have been inter- estedinbecauseoftheirpresenceinthepowerelite(orinCongress,oronthe SupremeCourt),andputtingitintoreadablefiles.Wethereforealsowishto thank Cari Boram, Katharine Cannon, Rachel Chmelko, Michael Hamilton, Elizabeth Hayton, Damara Luce, Tess McEnery, Taryn McFadden, Patty Perez, Michael Peterson, Kyle Riplinger, Sierra Say Keo, Jennifer Simms, SonoraStein,IsaacStudebaker,andSamWilliams. Last, and very far from least, we have had the help of three peerless editors. The first, Gladys Topkis, a senior editor at Yale University Press when we worked with her on a previous book and the first edition of this book, always broke new ground in bringing issues of gender equality and racial fairness to the attention of both the academic community and the general public. We are equally grateful to Dean Birkenkamp, then an editor at Rowman & Littlefield, who a few years later supported our work on PrefaceandAcknowledgments vii diversity.Now,anotherdozenyearslater,SarahStanton,ourwonderfuledi- torforthisthirdedition,agreedthatyetanotherlookatdiversityinthepower elite was needed in light of the many twists and turns of diversity issues in recentyears.Forus,itisespeciallygratifyingthatthiseditionofDiversityin the Power Elite has come full circle because our present editor was in part mentoredbyouroriginaleditor.Inanycase,thecreationofthebookandits continuationoweagreatdealtoGladysandSarah.(Forthisthirdedition,we also much appreciate the work done by Jo-Ann Parks, the copy editor. She, JaniceBraunstein,andCarliHansenhaveprovideduswithinvaluableassis- tance.) We hope that our academic efforts to examine the origins, the present, andthelikelyfutureofdiversityinthehighercircleshavecontributedtothe understanding that many Americans have about the way power works, and the importance and complexity of diversity. Along these lines, we hope that the systematic data we have gathered, and the analyses we have made, will contributetotheworkthatpeopledotoencouragegenuinediversitythrough- outthesociety,includinginthehallsofpower.
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