diversity analysis and integrated weed control in agroforestry tree species

122 Pages·2016·4.24 MB·English

DIVERSITY ANALYSIS AND INTEGRATED WEED
CONTROL IN AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES

Thesis

Submitted to the Punjab Agricultural University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
FORESTRY
(Minor Subject: Biotechnology)

By

Harmandeep Kaur
(L-2013-A-50-M)

Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
College of Agriculture
 PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
LUDHIANA-141 004

2016
CERTIFICATE I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Diversity analysis and integrated weed
control in agroforestry tree species”. submitted for the degree of Master of Science, in the
subject of Forestry (Minor subject: Biotechnology) to the Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, is a bonafide research work carried out by Ms. Harmandeep Kaur (L-2013-A-50-M)
under my supervision and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree.
The assistance and help received during the course of investigation have been fully
acknowledged.

______________________
Major Advisor
Dr. RIS Gill
Senior Scientist (Agroforestry)
Department of Forestry and Natural
Resources
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana - 141004 (India).
CERTIFICATE-II
This is to clarify that the thesis entitled “Diversity analysis and integrated weed control
in agroforestry tree species”, submitted by Ms. Harmandeep Kaur (L-2013-A-50-M) to the
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
degree of Master of Science in the subject of Forestry (Minor Subject: Biotechnology) has
been approved by the Student‟s Advisory Committee along with the Head of the Department
after an oral examination on the same.

_______________________ __________________________
(Dr. Dr. R. I. S. Gill) (Dr. R. S. Dhillon)
Major Advisor External Examiner
Principal Scientist & OIC AICRPAF
Department of Forestry
CCS HAU, Hisar-125004

______________________
(Dr. R. I. S. Gill)
Head of the Department

_________________________
(Dr. (Mrs.) Neelam Grewal)
Dean, Post-Graduate Studies
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I bow my head to Him, the merciful God almighty for His blessing hand and
bestowing a creative and healthy environment throughout my academic and research period.
It is my profound privileges to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to
my esteemed major advisor Dr. RIS Gill, Sr. Scientist, Department of Forestry and Natural
Resources for his expert guidance, deep perception, constructive criticism and encouragement
during the course of investigation, preparation of the manuscript and finally the freedom
rendered by him to work on his problem. His patience and persistence became an ideal for me.
Guidance, affection and help in improving this manuscript by the esteemed members
Dr. (Mrs) Navneet Kaur, Assistant Professor of Agronomy, Department of FNR, and Dr.
Aman Mittal, Assistant biotechnologist, School of Agricultural Biotechnology are highly
acknowledged for providing guidance and necessary facilities for accomplishment of this study.
My heartiest thanks are due to Dr. Avtar Singh, Scientist, Regional Station Bathinda and Dr
GPS Dhillon, Tree Breeder, Department of FNR for their assiduous help. My cordial and
sincere thanks are due to my collaborating teachers, and Dr SK Chuahan, Professor of
Agroforestry, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and Dr. (Mrs) Ajinder Kaur,
Assistant Biotechnologist, School of Agricultural Biotechnology.
My family is the greatest asset. Words at my command are inadequate, too
complementary to acknowledge is so formal manner to their sacrifice, love, help and
inspirations rendered by them. I owe my indebtedness to my revered grandparents L Sub Gian
Chand and Smt Bimla Devi and parents Sh.Ram Pal and Smt. Manjinder Kaur for their silent
prayers for my better future. I fall short of words to express my deep sense of love my siblings
Yashan Kaushal and Manvar Kaushal.
Words are inadequate to express my special thanks to my adoring hubby Er. Gurjeet
Singh and my father-in-law S. Amolak Singh and mother-in law Smt.Raj Rani.
I found no words in expressing my profound gratitude to my revered Masarji (Retd)
DPRO S. WPS Phoolka and Massiji Smt. Mandeep Phoolka whose unconditional love can
never be forgotten and whose ever-willing help has a great role in my life. Unbounded affection
of my cousin Sandeep Kamal Phoolka and Randeep Rishi can hardly be expressed in words.
The perky bunch of my friends who made my life lot easier deserve all my gratitude:
Preeti Gill, Naveen Bhandari, Chinka Pruthi, Subh Dagar, Aman Nagi, Satnam Sidhu,
Jagdip, Manisha Parihar, Taran Brar ,Kishore, Jasprit and Manvir Sharma ; were constant
source of help of all kinds and made my task lighter by their pleasant and gracious company.
I feel privileged to express my sincere thanks to the field and laboratory staff for providing
necessary cooperation during my research work. The financial assistance, facilities and study leave
granted by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana are highly acknowledged.

Place
Dated (HARMANDEEP KAUR)
Title of the Thesis : Diversity analysis and integrated weed control in agroforestry
tree species
Name of the student and : Harmandeep Kaur
Admission No. L-2013-A-50-M
Major Subject : Forestry
Minor Subject : Biotechnology
Name and Designation of : Dr. RIS Gill
Major Advisor Senior Scientist (Agroforestry)
Degree to be awarded : M.Sc.
Year of award of Degree : 2016
Total Pages in Thesis : 86 + Appendices (xii) + Vita
Name of the University : Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004,
Punjab, India

ABSTRACT

The investigation entitled “Diversity analysis and integrated weed control in agroforestry tree
species” was carried out at two different locations i.e. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and
Regional Research Station, Bathinda. At Ludhiana, weed control experiment was laid out at Forest Research
Area and diversity analysis studied at the Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Agricultural
Biotechnology. Poplar based agroforestry system is widely adapted in Indo-Gangetic plains of India and
poplar plantations are raised by planting cuttings. Wider row to row spacing and longer duration of plants in
nursery make the nursery plants vulnerable to compete with weeds especially during early stage of nursery
establishment. In order to control weeds, the efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides was tested. The cuttings
from one year old plants of poplar were planted at a spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm. Thirteen treatments viz.
pendimethalin @ 0.75 or 0.94 kg ha-1alone and with 62.5q ha-1 paddy straw mulch; alachlor @ 1.88 or 2.5 kg
ha- 1 with or without 62.5q ha-1 paddy straw mulch, paddy straw mulch 62.5q ha-1, plastic sheet strips in
between cutting lines, plastic sheet with holes for plants, hand weeding and unweeded check. All the
treatments were replicated thrice in randomized block design. Population of different weeds was recorded at
both the experimental sites. Prominent weeds recorded were; Cyperus rotundus, Cyanodon dactylon,
Anagallis arvensis, Rumex dentatus, Spergula arvensis, Leptochloa chinensis, Coronopus didymus,
Cannabis sativa, Mollugo nudicaulis, Euphorbia hirta, Argemone mexicana, Corchorus tridens, Digera
arvensis etc. The results indicated that uniform spreading of black plastic sheet (both in strips or by making
holes) and an integrated use of pendimethalin 0.94 kg ha-1 or alachlor 2.5 kg ha- 1 with paddy straw strip
effectively controlled weeds and significantly reduced the density and biomass of weeds as compared to
unweeded check. The maximum height of poplar plants was recorded in treatments such as plastic mulch
with holes and alachlor @ 2.5 kg ha- 1 with paddy straw mulch at Ludhiana and Bathinda, respectively. The
maximum total above and below ground biomass (607.49 g and 218.52 g) of poplar plant was observed with
alachlor @ 2.5 kg ha-1 with paddy straw mulch and minimum (216.05 g and 77.54 g) in unweeded check at
Ludhiana. However at Bathinda, maximum above ground biomass (655.69 g) was observed in plastic mulch
with holes closely followed by pendimethalin @ 0.94 kg ha-1 and alachlor @ 2.5 kg ha- 1 with paddy straw
mulch. Whereas, total below ground biomass of poplar plants was highest (138.14 g ha-1) in plastic mulch
strip between the rows of plants. Uniform spreading of black plastic mulch (in strips or by making holes)
after first irrigation provides effective control of weeds in poplar nursery. Alternatively, spray pendimethalin
0.94 kg ha-1 or alachlor 2.5 kg ha-1 within two days of poplar nursery plantations in moist soil, and spread
uniformly paddy straw mulch 62.5 q ha-1 immediately after spray of herbicides for controlling weeds
effectively and getting higher plant biomass. For diversity analysis of Eucalyptus, out of 37 SSR primers, 36
primers showed polymorphic pattern and amplified 238 alleles. Average number of alleles amplified per
locus was 5.5. Some unique alleles were also detected. The PIC value at a locus ranged from 0.30 to 0.91.
The results of dissimilarity matrix revealed a high genetic diversity among clones. Two major clusters
showed maximum genetic distance of 0.35 to 0.76 between E.grandis and C-72; between C-417 and PE-1
and between PE-5 and PE-3

Keywords: Poplar nursery, weed control, herbicides, mulch, poplar biomass, genetic diversity, SSR
markers, alleles.

___________________________ _____________________
Signature of Major Advisor Signature of the Student
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_________________ _______________
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO.
I INTRODUCTION 1-4
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5-16
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 17-31
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 32-73
V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 74-75
REFERENCES 76-86
APPENDICES i-xii
VITA
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
No. No.
3.1 List of Eucalyptus clones included in study 24
3.2 Microsatellites markers used in the study 25-26
3.3 Composition of CTAB buffer (100 ml) 27
3.4 Composition of TE buffer 28
3.5 Composition of TBE buffer 28
3.6 PCR reaction mixture 29
3.7 PCR profile 29
4.1 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 33
poplar nursery plants after 30 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.2 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 35
poplar nursery plants after 60 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.3 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) on in 36
poplar nursery plants after 90 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.4 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 38
poplar nursery plants after 120 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.5 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 39
poplar nursery plants after 150 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.6 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 40
poplar nursery plants after 180 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.7 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population(No./m-2) in 41
poplar nursery plants after 210 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.8 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 42
poplar nursery plants after 240 days of planting at Ludhiana
4.9 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 44
poplar nursery plants after 30 days of planting at Bathinda
4.10 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 45
poplar nursery plants after 60 days of planting at Bathinda
4.11 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 46
poplar nursery plants after 90 days of planting at Bathinda
4.12 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 48
poplar nursery plants after 120 days of planting at Bathinda
4.13 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 49
poplar nursery plants after 150 days of planting at Bathinda
4.14 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 50
poplar nursery plants after 180 days of planting at Bathinda
4.15 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population(No./m-2) in 51
poplar nursery plants after 210 days of planting at Bathinda
4.16 Effect of weed control treatments on weed population (No./m-2) in 52
poplar nursery plants after 240 days of planting at Bathinda
4.17 Effect of weed control treatments on total weed population (No./m-2) 53
in poplar nursery plants at Ludhiana
4.18 Effect of weed control treatments on total weed population (No./m-2) 54
in poplar nursery plants at Bathinda
4.19 Effect of weed control treatments on weed shoot dry matter 56
accumulation (g m-2) in poplar nursery plants during 2015 at Ludhiana
4.20 Effect of weed control treatments on weed shoot dry matter 57
accumulation (gm-2) in poplar nursery plants at Bathinda
4.21 Effect of weed control treatments on survival percentage of poplar 59
plants in nursery at different locations
4.22 Effect of weed control treatments on total above and below ground 67
biomass of poplar plants in nursery at Ludhiana and Bathinda
4.23 Genetic distance among Eucalyptus clones 70
4.24 Primers, Linkage group, Number of alleles amplified and PIC values 71
of microsatellite markers.
4.25 Amplified unique allele with SSR markers 73
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
No. No.
3.1 Monthly mean meteorological data of Ludhiana recorded during the 18
Jan 2015-November 2015
3.2 Monthly mean meteorological data of Bathinda recorded during the 18
Jan 2015-November 2015
3.3 Layout of Experiment (Ludhiana) 22
3.4 Layout of Experiment (Bathinda) 23
4.1 Effect of weed control methods on height (cm) of poplar nursery 61
plants during 2015 at Ludhiana
4.2 Effect of weed control methods on height (cm) of poplar nursery 62
plants during 2015 at Bathinda
4.3 Effect of weed control methods on diameter (mm) of poplar nursery 64
during 2015 at Ludhiana
4.4 Effect of weed control methods on diameter (mm) of poplar nursery 67
during 2015 at Bathinda
4.5 Dendrogram constructed for 17 clones of Eucalyptus based on 72
distances using coefficient 36 SSR primers