Diversified Health Occupations

1104 Pages·2008·55.11 MB·English

by  Louise Simmers

DIVERSIFIED
HEALTH
OCCUPATIONS
Seventh Edition
Louise Simmers, MEd, RN
Karen Simmers-Nartker, BSN, RN
Sharon Simmers-Kobelak, BBA
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Diversifi ed Health Occupations, Seventh © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
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Louise Simmers
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CONTENTS
Preface xi
How to Use xvii
Acknowledgments xxv
PART 1
Basic Health Care Concepts and Skills 1

CHAPTER 1 History and Trends of Health Care 2

Objectives 2 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 24
Key Terms 3 Summary 25
1:1 History of Health Care 3 Internet Searches 25
1:2 Trends in Health Care 14 Review Questions 25
CHAPTER 2 Health Care Systems 26

Objectives 26 2:5 Organizational Structure 35
Key Terms 27 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 36
2:1 Private Health Care Facilities 27 Summary 37
2:2 Government Agencies 31 Internet Searches 37
2:3 Voluntary or Nonprofi t Agencies 32 Review Questions 37
2:4 Health Insurance Plans 32
CHAPTER 3 Careers in Health Care 38

Objectives 38 3:2F Nursing Careers 55
Key Terms 39 3:2G Nutrition and Dietary Services
3:1 Introduction to Health Careers 40 Careers 57
3:2 Therapeutic Services Careers 46 3:2H Veterinary Careers 58
3:2A Dental Careers 46 3:2I Vision Services Careers 60
3:2B Emergency Medical Services 3:2J Other Therapeutic Services Careers 61
Careers 48 3:3 Diagnostic Services Careers 67
3:2C Medical Careers 50 3:4 Health Informatics Careers 72
3:2D Mental and Social Services Careers 52 3:5 Support Services Careers 76
3:2E Mortuary Careers 54
iv CONTENTS
3:6 Biotechnology Research Summary 80
and Development Careers 77 Internet Searches 80
Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 79 Review Questions 80
CHAPTER 4 Personal and Professional Qualities

of a Health Care Worker 81

Objectives 81 4:6 Stress 95
Key Terms 82 4:7 Time Management 97
4:1 Personal Appearance 82 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 100
4:2 Personal Characteristics 85 Summary 100
4:3 Effective Communications 86 Internet Searches 101
4:4 Teamwork 92 Review Questions 101
4:5 Professional Leadership 94
CHAPTER 5 Legal and Ethical Responsibilities 103

Objectives 103 5:5 Professional Standards 115
Key Terms 104 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 117
5:1 Legal Responsibilities 104 Summary 117
5:2 Ethics 111 Internet Searches 118
5:3 Patients’ Rights 112 Review Questions 118
5:4 Advance Directives for Health Care 113
CHAPTER 6 Medical Terminology 119

Objectives 119 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 138
Key Terms 120 Summary 139
6:1 Using Medical Abbreviations 120 Internet Searches 139
6:2 Interpreting Word Parts 127 Review Questions 139
CHAPTER 7 Anatomy and Physiology 140

Objectives 140 7:9 Lymphatic System 194
Key Terms 141 7:10 Respiratory System 197
7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body 141 7:11 Digestive System 203
7:2 Body Planes, Directions, and Cavities 148 7:12 Urinary System 210
7:3 Integumentary System 151 7:13 Endocrine System 216
7:4 Skeletal System 156 7:14 Reproductive System 223
7:5 Muscular System 163 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 232
7:6 Nervous System 168 Summary 233
7:7 Special Senses 176 Internet Searches 233
7:8 Circulatory System 183 Review Questions 233
CHAPTER 8 Human Growth and Development 235

Objectives 235 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 255
Key Terms 236 Summary 256
8:1 Life Stages 236 Internet Searches 256
8:2 Death and Dying 247 Review Questions 256
8:3 Human Needs 250
Contents v
CHAPTER 9 Cultural Diversity 257

Objectives 257 9:4 Respecting Cultural Diversity 272
Key Terms 258 Summary 272
9:1 Culture, Ethnicity, and Race 258 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 273
9:2 Bias, Prejudice, and Stereotyping 260 Internet Searches 273
9:3 Understanding Cultural Diversity 261 Review Questions 274
CHAPTER 10 Geriatric Care 275

Objectives 275 10:5 Meeting the Needs of the Elderly 291
Key Terms 276 Summary 292
10:1 Myths on Aging 276 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 293
10:2 Physical Changes of Aging 278 Internet Searches 293
10:3 Psychosocial Changes of Aging 284 Review Questions 294
10:4 Confusion and Disorientation
in the Elderly 287
CHAPTER 11 Nutrition and Diets 295

Objectives 295 11:5 Weight Management 305
Key Terms 296 11:6 Therapeutic Diets 309
11:1 Fundamentals of Nutrition 296 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 312
11:2 Essential Nutrients 297 Summary 312
11:3 Utilization of Nutrients 301 Internet Searches 313
11:4 Maintenance of Good Nutrition 302 Review Questions 13
CHAPTER 12 Computer Technology in Health Care 314

Objectives 314 12:5 Computer Protection and Security 329
Key Terms 315 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 330
12:1 Introduction 315 Summary 331
12:2 What Is a Computer System? 316 Internet Searches 331
12:3 Computer Applications 319 Review Questions 331
12:4 Using the Internet 326
CHAPTER 13 Promotion of Safety 333

Objectives 333 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 348
Key Terms 334 Summary 348
13:1 Using Body Mechanics 334 Internet Searches 348
13:2 Preventing Accidents and Injuries 336 Review Questions 349
13:3 Observing Fire Safety 343
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER 14 Infection Control 350

Objectives 350 C: Donning and Removing Sterile
Key Terms 351 Gloves 392
14:1 Understanding the Principles D: Changing a Sterile Dressing 395
of Infection Control 351 14:9 Maintaining Transmission-Based
14:2 Bioterrorism 357 Isolation Precautions 397
14:3 Washing Hands 359 A: Donning and Removing
14:4 Observing Standard Precautions 363 Transmission-Based Isolation
14:5 Sterilizing with an Autoclave 371 Garments 402
A: Wrapping Items for Autoclaving 373 B: Working in a Hospital
B: Loading and Operating Transmission-Based Isolation Unit 406
an Autoclave 377 Summary 409
14:6 Using Chemicals for Disinfection 379 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 410
14:7 Cleaning with an Ultrasonic Unit 381 Internet Searches 411
14:8 Using Sterile Techniques 385 Review Questions 411
A: Opening Sterile Packages 386
B: Preparing a Sterile Dressing Tray 389
CHAPTER 15 Vital Signs 412

Objectives 412 G: Measuring and Recording Temporal
Key Terms 413 Temperature 430
15:1 Measuring and Recording Vital Signs 413 15:3 Measuring and Recording Pulse 431
15:2 Measuring and Recording Temperature 414 15:4 Measuring and Recording Respirations 433
A: Cleaning a Clinical Thermometer 419 15:5 Graphing TPR 435
B: Measuring and Recording Oral 15:6 Measuring and Recording Apical Pulse 438
Temperature 421 15:7 Measuring and Recording Blood
C: Measuring and Recording Rectal Pressure 440
Temperature 423 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 446
D: Measuring and Recording Axillary Summary 446
Temperature 424 Internet Searches 446
E: Measuring and Recording Tympanic Review Questions 447
(Aural) Temperature 426
F: Measuring Temperature with an
Electronic Thermometer 428
CHAPTER 16 First Aid 448

Objectives 448 F: Performing CPR—Obstructed
Key Terms 449 Airway on Conscious Infant 471
16:1 Providing First Aid 449 16:3 Providing First Aid for Bleeding and
16:2 Performing Cardiopulmonary Wounds 473
Resuscitation 452 16:4 Providing First Aid for Shock 479
A: Performing CPR—One-Person 16:5 Providing First Aid for Poisoning 483
Adult Rescue 458 16:6 Providing First Aid for Burns 488
B: Performing CPR—Two-Person 16:7 Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure 493
Adult Rescue 462 16:8 Providing First Aid for Cold Exposure 496
C: Performing CPR on Infants 464 16:9 Providing First Aid for Bone and Joint
D: Performing CPR on Children 467 Injuries 498
E: Performing CPR—Obstructed 16:10 Providing First Aid for Specifi c Injuries 505
Airway on Conscious Adult or Child 469 16:11 Providing First Aid for Sudden Illness 513
Contents vii
16:12 Applying Dressings and Bandages 519 Internet Searches 526
Summary 525 Review Questions 526
Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 526
CHAPTER 17 Preparing for the World of Work 528

Objectives 528 17:5 Determining Net Income 543
Key Terms 529 17:6 Calculating a Budget 545
17:1 Developing Job-Keeping Skills 529 Summary 547
17:2 Writing a Cover Letter and Preparing Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 548
a Résumé 530 Internet Searches 548
17:3 Completing Job Application Forms 537 Review Questions 549
17:4 Participating in a Job Interview 539
PART 2
Special Health Care Skills 550

CHAPTER 18 Dental Assistant Skills 552

Objectives 552 A: Preparing Alginate 602
Key Terms 553 B: Preparing Rubber Base (Polysulfi de) 605
Career Highlights 554 C: Pouring a Plaster Model 608
18:1 Identifying the Structures and Tissues D: Pouring a Stone Model 612
of a Tooth 554 E: Trimming a Model 613
18:2 Identifying the Teeth 558 18:11 Making Custom Trays 615
18:3 Identifying Teeth Using the Universal/ 18:12 Maintaining and Loading an
National Numbering System and the Anesthetic Aspirating Syringe 618
Federation Dentaire International (FDI) A: Maintaining an Anesthetic
System 560 Aspirating Syringe 621
A: Identifying Teeth Using the B: Loading an Anesthetic Aspirating
Universal/National Numbering Syringe 622
System 563 18:13 Mixing Dental Cements and Bases 624
B: Identifying Teeth Using the A: Preparing Varnish 626
Federation Dentaire International B: Preparing Calcium Hydroxide 627
(FDI) Numbering System 564 C: Preparing Polycarboxylate 629
18:4 Identifying the Surfaces of the D: Preparing Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) 630
Teeth 565 18:14 Preparing Restorative Materials—
18:5 Charting Conditions of the Teeth 568 Amalgam and Composite 632
18:6 Operating and Maintaining Dental A: Preparing Amalgam 635
Equipment 574 B: Preparing Composite 637
18:7 Identifying Dental Instruments and 18:15 Developing and Mounting Dental
Preparing Dental Trays 584 Radiographs (X-Rays) 639
18:8 Positioning a Patient in the Dental A: Developing Dental Radiographs
Chair 592 (X-Rays) 642
18:9 Demonstrating Brushing and Flossing B: Mounting Dental Radiographs
Techniques 594 (X-Rays) 644
A: Demonstrating Brushing Technique 595 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 646
B: Demonstrating Flossing Technique 597 Summary 646
18:10 Taking Impressions and Pouring Internet Searches 647
Models 598 Review Questions 647
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 19 Laboratory Assistant Skills 648

Objectives 648 19:6 Preparing and Staining a Blood Film
Key Terms 649 or Smear 682
Career Highlights 649 A: Preparing a Blood Film or Smear 684
19:1 Operating the Microscope 650 B: Staining a Blood Film or Smear 685
19:2 Obtaining and Handling Cultures 656 19:7 Testing for Blood Types 687
A: Obtaining a Culture Specimen 658 19:8 Performing an Erythrocyte
B: Preparing a Direct Smear 660 Sedimentation Rate 691
C: Streaking an Agar Plate 662 19:9 Measuring Blood-Sugar (Glucose)
D: Transferring Culture from Agar Level 695
Plate to Slide 664 19:10 Testing Urine 699
E: Staining with Gram’s Stain 666 19:11 Using Reagent Strips to Test Urine 701
19:3 Puncturing the Skin to Obtain 19:12 Measuring Specifi c Gravity 705
Capillary Blood 668 19:13 Preparing Urine for Microscopic
19:4 Performing a Microhematocrit 671 Examination 709
19:5 Measuring Hemoglobin 676 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 713
A: Measuring Hemoglobin with a Summary 713
Hemoglobinometer 677 Internet Searches 714
B: Measuring Hemoglobin with a Review Questions 714
Photometer 680
CHAPTER 20 Medical Assistant Skills 715

Objectives 715 20:5 Assisting with Minor Surgery
Key Terms 716 and Suture Removal 748
Career Highlights 716 A: Assisting with Minor Surgery 751
20:1 Measuring/Recording Height B: Assisting with Suture Removal 755
and Weight 717 20:6 Recording and Mounting an
A: Measuring/Recording Height Electrocardiogram 756
and Weight 721 20:7 Using the Physicians’ Desk Reference
B: Measuring/Recording Height (PDR) 768
and Weight of an Infant 723 20:8 Working with Math and Medications 770
20:2 Positioning a Patient 725 A: Using Roman Numerals 773
20:3 Screening for Vision Problems 732 B: Converting Metric Measurements 774
20:4 Assisting with Physical Examinations 737 C: Converting Household (English)
A: Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Measurements 775
Examination 741 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 776
B: Assisting with a Gynecological Summary 777
Examination 743 Internet Searches 777
C: Assisting with a General Physical Review Questions 777
Examination 745
Contents ix
CHAPTER 21 Nurse Assistant Skills 779

Objectives 779 21:6 Feeding a Patient 855
Key Terms 780 21:7 Assisting with a Bedpan/Urinal 859
Career Highlights 781 A: Assisting with a Bedpan 860
21:1 Admitting, Transferring, B: Assisting with a Urinal 863
and Discharging Patients 782 21:8 Providing Catheter and Urinary
A: Admitting the Patient 784 Drainage Unit Care 864
B: Transferring the Patient 786 A: Providing Catheter Care 868
C: Discharging the Patient 788 B: Emptying a Urinary-Drainage Unit 870
21:2 Positioning, Turning, Moving, 21:9 Providing Ostomy Care 872
and Transferring Patients 790 21:10 Collecting Stool/Urine Specimens 877
A: Aligning the Patient 793 A: Collecting a Routine Urine
B: Moving the Patient Up in Bed 795 Specimen 880
C: Turning the Patient Away B: Collecting a Midstream Urine
to Change Position 797 Specimen 882
D: Turning the Patient Inward C: Collecting a 24-Hour Urine
to Change Position 799 Specimen 884
E: Sitting Up to Dangle 801 D: Collecting a Stool Specimen 886
F: Transferring a Patient to a Chair E: Preparing and Testing a Hemoccult
or Wheelchair 803 Slide 887
G: Transferring a Patient to a Stretcher 806 21:11 Enemas and Rectal Treatments 889
H: Using a Mechanical Lift to Transfer A: Giving a Tap-Water, Normal Saline,
a Patient 809 or Soap-Solution Enema 890
21:3 Bedmaking 812 B: Giving a Disposable Enema 894
A: Making a Closed Bed 813 C: Giving an Oil-Retention Enema 896
B: Making an Occupied Bed 817 D: Inserting a Rectal Tube 898
C: Opening a Closed Bed 820 21:12 Applying Restraints 900
D: Placing a Bed Cradle 821 A: Applying Limb Restraints 902
21:4 Administering Personal Hygiene 823 B: Applying a Jacket Restraint 904
A: Providing Routine Oral Hygiene 827 21:13 Administering Preoperative and
B: Cleaning Dentures 828 Postoperative Care 906
C: Giving Special Mouth Care 830 A: Shaving the Operative Area 910
D: Administering Daily Hair Care 832 B: Administering Preoperative Care 912
E: Providing Nail Care 834 C: Preparing a Postoperative Unit 913
F: Giving a Backrub 835 D: Applying Surgical Hose 915
G: Shaving a Patient 838 21:14 Applying Binders 917
H: Changing a Patient’s Gown or 21:15 Administering Oxygen 919
Pajamas 840 21:16 Giving Postmortem Care 925
I: Giving a Complete Bed Bath 842 Today’s Research: Tomorrow’s Health Care 928
J: Helping a Patient Take a Tub Bath Summary 928
or Shower 847 Internet Searches 929
21:5 Measuring and Recording Intake Review Questions 929
and Output 849