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Landscape Series Thomas Wohlgemuth Anke Jentsch Rupert Seidl Editors Disturbance Ecology Landscape Series Volume 32 Series Editors Christine Fürst, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany Cristian Echeverria, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile Henry N. N. Bulley, BMCC, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Editorial Board Members Buyanbaatar Avirmed, School of Agroecology, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yazidhi Bamutaze, Dept of Geo Geo-Info & Climatic Sci, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Bolormaa Batsuuri, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Mahamadou Belem, Nazi Boni University, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Emiru Birhane, Dept. Land Resources Management, Mekelle University, London, UK Danilo Boscolo, FFCLRP, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Sao Paolo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Jiquan Chen, Center for Global Change & Earth Observa, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Nicola Clerici, Department of Biology, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia Marc Deconchat, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Castanet, France Andrés Etter, Fac. de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia Pawan K. Joshi, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India Alexander Khoroshev, Dept. Physical Geography & Landscape Sc., Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Felix Kienast, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland Ramesh Krishnamurthy, Department Landscape Level Planning, Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Quang Bao Le, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Cairo, Egypt Yu-Pin Lin, Dept of Bioenvi Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Benjamin Kofi Nyarko, Dept of Geography & Regional Planning, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana Henrique Pereira, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany Alexander Prishchepov, Dept of Geosci & Natural Resource Mgmt, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Robert M. Scheller, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Kalev Sepp, Inst. Agricultural & Environ. Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia Anton Shkaruba, Inst. of Agricultural & Environ Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia Janet Silbernagel Balster, Silvernail Studio for Geodesign, LLC, Black Earth, WI, USA Ileana Stupariu, Dept. Regional Geography and Environment, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Raymond Tutu, College of Humanities, Delaware State University, DOVER, DE, USA Teiji Watanabe, Fac of Environmental Earth Sci, A-301, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Wei-Ning Xiang, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Qing Zhao, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China Springer’s innovative Landscape Series is committed to publishing high quality manuscripts that approach the concept of landscape and land systems from a broad range of perspectives and disciplines. Encouraging contributions that are scientifically-grounded, solutions-oriented and introduce innovative concepts, the series attracts outstanding research from the natural and social sciences, and from the humanities and the arts. It also provides a leading forum for publications from interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams across the globe. The Landscape Series particularly welcomes contributions around several globally significant areas for landscape research, which are anyhow non-exclusive: • Climate and global change impacts on landscapes and ecosystems including mitigation and adaptation strategies • Human Dimensions of Global Change • Biodiversity and ecosystem processes linked to ecosystems, landscapes and regions • Biogeography • Ecosystem and landscape services including mapping, assessment and modelling • Land System Science • Regional ecology (including bioregional theory & application) • Human-Environment Interactions and Social-Ecological Systems & Frameworks (SESF) - including theories, practice and modelling Volumes in the series can be authored or edited works, cohesively connected around these and other related topics and tied to global or regional initiatives. Ultimately, the Series aims to facilitate the application of landscape research and land system science to practice in a changing world, and to advance the contributions of landscape theory and research and land system science to the broader scholarly community. Thomas Wohlgemuth • Anke Jentsch Rupert Seidl Editors Disturbance Ecology Editors Thomas Wohlgemuth Anke Jentsch WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute Universität Bayreuth Birmensdorf, Zürich, Switzerland Bayreuth, Bayern, Germany Rupert Seidl Technical University of Munich Freising, Bayern, Germany ISSN 1572-7742 ISSN 1875-1210 (electronic) Landscape Series ISBN 978-3-030-98755-8 ISBN 978-3-030-98756-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98756-5 This book is a translation of the original the German language edition “Störungsökologie” by Thomas Wohlgemuth et al., published by Haupt Verlag AG in © Haupt Bern 2019. All Rights Reserved. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Disturbance Ecology: A Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Thomas Wohlgemuth, Anke Jentsch, and Rupert Seidl Part I Definitions and Assessments 2 Disturbances and Disturbance Regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Anke Jentsch, Rupert Seidl, and Thomas Wohlgemuth 3 Disturbance Regimes and Climate Extremes of the Earth’s Vegetation Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Anke Jentsch and Andreas von Heßberg Part II Concepts 4 Disturbance and Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Rupert Seidl, Jörg Müller, and Thomas Wohlgemuth 5 Disturbance Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Rupert Seidl, Anke Jentsch, and Thomas Wohlgemuth 6 Adaptation to Disturbance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Georg Gratzer and Anke Jentsch Part III A biotic Disturbances 7 Fire in Forest Ecosystems: Processes and Management Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Daniel Kraus, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Marc Castellnou, and Marco Conedera vii viii Contents 8 Wind Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Thomas Wohlgemuth, Marc Hanewinkel, and Rupert Seidl 9 Avalanches and Other Snow Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, and Christian Rixen Part IV B iotic Disturbances 10 Tree Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Marco Pautasso 11 Insect Defoliators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Christa Schafellner and Katrin Möller 12 Bark Beetles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Beat Wermelinger and Oliver Jakoby 13 Large Herbivores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Josef Senn Part V Anthropogenic Disturbances 14 Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Peter Meyer and Christian Ammer 15 Grasslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Michael Bahn, Johannes Ingrisch, and Anke Jentsch Part VI D isturbances and Global Change 16 Impacts of Climate Change on Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Rupert Seidl and Markus Kautz Part VII Disturbances and Management 17 Managing Disturbance Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Rupert Seidl, Sigrid Netherer, and Thomas Thaler 18 Disturbances and Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Dominik Thom, Anke Jentsch, and Rupert Seidl Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 About the Editors Thomas Wohlgemuthis head of the research unit Forest Dynamics at the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL in Birmensdorf (Switzerland). He investigates reforestation after windthrow, forest fire, and drought-induced mortality, as well as early growth of tree species under experimen- tal conditions. His focus is on the interaction between disturbance and climate change, and the effects of this interaction on forest communities. Anke Jentschis Professor of Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics at the University of Bayreuth (Germany). Her research covers, in particular, disturbance and biodiversity, natural hazards, and climate change. Her scientific interests focus on the understanding of ecosystem dynamics and community resilience. Her work includes extensive field experiments in Central Europe on the effects of weather extremes on ecosystem functions. Rupert Seidl is Professor of Ecosystem Dynamics and Forest Management at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) in Germany. He works towards a better understanding of forest change and harnesses these insights to improve ecosystem management. Methodologically, he combines dynamic simulation models with remote sensing data and field observations to quantify past and potential future changes in forest structure, composition, and function. ix List of Textboxes Box 2.1 Quantification of Disturbance Regimes in Dynamic Landscapes ..................................................................................... 16 Box 2.2 Disturbance Interactions, Disturbance Cycles, and Disturbance Cascades .............................................................. 19 Box 2.3 The Role of Remote Sensing in Disturbance Ecology ................... 24 Box 2.4 Disturbance Regime of an Alpine River Landscape: The Tagliamento ............................................................................ 28 Box 2.5 Pulse Dynamics in Ecology ........................................................... 32 Box 3.1 Permafrost ...................................................................................... 43 Box 3.2 Disturbances in Marine Ecosystems .............................................. 46 Box 4.1 Disturbance and Species Community Assembly ........................... 88 Box 4.2 A Unification of Many Diversity Hypotheses ................................ 92 Box 6.1 Disturbances as a Selection Factor: An Old Story ......................... 133 Box 8.1 Wind Force and Damage to Trees .................................................. 190 Box 12.1 Mountain Pine Beetle in North America ........................................ 286 Box 15.1 Too Much of a Good Thing: The Decline of Species-Rich Hay Meadows in Central Europe ................................................... 366 Box 17.1 Disturbance Modelling ................................................................... 399 Box 18.1 Ecological Novelty: A Challenge for Nature Conservation and Society ..................................................................................... 422 xi