Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs PDF
Preview Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-Offs
Distributional Cost- Effectiveness Analysis Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation Series Series editors: Alastair Gray and Andrew Briggs Existing volumes in the series: Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation Andrew Briggs, Mark Sculpher, and Karl Claxton Applied Methods of Cost- Effectiveness Analysis in Healthcare Alastair M. Gray, Philip M. Clarke, Jane L. Wolstenholme, and Sarah Wordsworth Applied Methods of Cost- Benefit Analysis in Healthcare Emma McIntosh, Philip Clarke, Emma Frew, and Jordan Louviere Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials Henry A. Glick, Jalpa A. Doshi, Seema S. Sonnad, and Daniel Polsky Applied Health Economics for Public Health Practice and Research Rhiannon Tudor Edwards and Emma McIntosh Distributional Cost- Effectiveness Analysis Quantifying Health Equity Impacts and Trade-O ffs Edited by Richard Cookson Professor, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK Susan Griffin Senior Research Fellow, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, UK Ole F. Norheim Professor, Department of Global Public Health, University of Bergen, Norway, and Adjunct Professor, Harvard University, USA Anthony J. Culyer Professor Emeritus, University of York, UK, and Visiting Professor, Imperial College, London Adjunct Professor, University of Toronto, Canada 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2021 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2021 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2020938124 ISBN 978– 0– 19– 883819– 7 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Series Preface Health economic evaluation is a thriving international activity that is increas- ingly used to allocate scarce health resources, and within which applied and methodological research, teaching, and publication are flourishing. Several widely respected texts are already well established in the market, so what is the rationale for not just one more book, but for a series? We believe that the books in the series Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation share a strong distinguishing feature, which is to cover as much as possible of this broad field with a much stronger practical flavour than existing texts, using plenty of illus- trative material and worked examples. We hope that readers will use this series not only for authoritative views on the current practice of economic evaluation and likely future developments, but for practical and detailed guidance on how to undertake an analysis. The books in the series are textbooks, but first and foremost they are handbooks. Our conviction that there is a place for the series has been nurtured by the continuing success of two short courses we helped develop—A dvanced Methods of Cost- Effectiveness Analysis, and Advanced Modelling Methods for Economic Evaluation. Advanced Methods was developed in Oxford in 1999 and has run several times a year ever since, in Oxford, Canberra, and Hong Kong. Advanced Modelling was developed in York and Oxford in 2002 and has also run several times a year ever since, in Oxford, York, Glasgow, and Toronto. Both courses were explicitly designed to provide computer-b ased teaching that would take participants through the theory but also the methods and prac- tical steps required to undertake a robust economic evaluation or construct a decision- analytic model to current standards. The proof of concept was the strong international demand for the courses— from academic researchers, gov- ernment agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry— and the very positive feedback on their practical orientation. So the original concept of the handbooks series, as well as many of the specific ideas and illustrative material, can be traced to these courses. The Advanced Modelling course is in the phenotype of the first book in the series, Decision Modelling for Health Economic Evaluation, which focuses on the role and methods of decision analysis in economic evaluation. The Advanced Methods course has been an equally important influence on Applied Methods of Cost- Effectiveness, the third book in the series which sets out the key elements of vi SERIES PREFACE analysing costs and outcomes, calculating cost- effectiveness, and reporting re- sults. The concept was then extended to cover several other important topic areas. First, the design, conduct, and analysis of economic evaluations along- side clinical trials have become a specialized area of activity with distinctive methodological and practical issues, and its own debates and controversies. It seemed worthy of a dedicated volume, hence the second book in the series, Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials. Next, while the use of cost- benefit ana- lysis in healthcare has spawned a substantial literature, this is mostly theor- etical, polemical, or focused on specific issues such as willingness to pay. We believe the fourth book in the series, Applied Methods of Cost- Benefit Analysis in Health Care, fills an important gap in the literature by providing a comprehen- sive guide to the theory but also the practical conduct of cost- benefit analysis, again with copious illustrative material and worked out examples. The fifth book in the series, Applied Health Economics for Public Health Practice and Research, addresses the specific challenges of applying economic evaluation to public health. Finally, the current book—the sixth in the series— addresses the long-standing challenge of equity and health inequality. Equity concerns are central to healthcare and public health policy, and it is widely ac- knowledged that large health inequalities exist everywhere. However, standard economic evaluation focuses on efficiency in terms of aggregate costs and ef- fects rather than equity in the distribution of costs and effects. This book is an all-in-one guide for researchers, policy advisers, policy makers and research funders who wish to learn about, commission and use equity-informative or “distributional” cost-effectiveness analysis to promote both equity and effi- ciency in health and healthcare. Each book in the series is an integrated text prepared by several contributing authors, widely drawn from academic centres in the UK, the USA, Australia, and elsewhere. Part of our role as editors has been to foster a consistent style, but not to try to impose any particular line: that would have been unwelcome and also unwise amidst the diversity of an evolving field. News and information about the series, as well as supplementary material for each book, can be found at the series website: <http:// www.herc.ox.ac.uk/ books>. Alastair Gray Oxford Andrew Briggs London Preface ‘How to’ books of this kind are usually based on course materials produced by colleagues from the same institution who have all been teaching together for several years. We did things differently by asking leading lights in the field from different institutions across the world to work together to develop the materials from scratch. This was partly to avoid parochialism: we wanted the book to be useful for analysts and decision makers working in a wide variety of different organizations in high- , middle- , and low- income countries. It was also because we wanted to use the collaborative writing process as a way of moving the field on, refining our thinking, and developing a degree of international consensus on concepts and terminology. We did not simply let our authors do their own thing, as we were determined to produce a coherent teaching resource with chapters that hang together and build on each other in a cumulative sequence. We therefore adopted a decidedly heavy- handed editorial approach involving intensive consultation, thorough peer review, and incessant editorial commenting on successive drafts. As any experienced professional knows, complete consensus on terminology is impossible— but at least we now have a reasonably consistent terminology across the handbook and a better idea of what we disagree about. How far we have succeeded in our other aims we leave the reader to judge. We hope you find this book useful and enjoy learning about distributional cost- effectiveness analysis. Richard Cookson Susan Griffin Ole F. Norheim Anthony J. Culyer University of York, UK and University of Bergen, Norway Acknowledgements First and foremost we are most grateful to the lead authors of the handbook methods chapters and training exercises— Colin Angus, Kjell Arne Johannsen, James Love- Koh, Andrew Mirelman, Owen O’Donnell, Mike Paulden, and Tom van Ourti— for putting up with our hands- on editorial approach, for re- sponding so co- operatively to requests, and for contributing so generously and enthusiastically towards this collective endeavour. It has been great fun and we have learned a lot from you. We are also especially grateful to Miqdad Asaria for producing the accom- panying web- based DCEA tool, to James Lomas and James Love- Koh for helping to co- ordinate the production of the spreadsheet training exercises, to Alec Morton and Martin Forster for helpful comments on the whole manu- script, and to Christopher McCabe, Michael Drummond, Jeremy Lauer, Emma McIntosh, Alec Morton, Frida Nagalsoni, and Milton Weinstein for detailed comments on all the introductory chapters. For helpful comments on individual chapters we would also like to thank John Broome, Maria Merritt, Dan Hausman, Alex Voorhoeve, Erik Schokkaeart, Andrew Mirelman, and Alessandro Grosso (Chapter 2); John Britton and Kamran Siddiqi (Chapter 5); Amani Mori, Erik Nord, and Mike Paulden (Chapter 6); Amanda Sacker, Dominic Nkhoma, Martin Forster, and Alec Morton (Chapter 7); Solomon Memirie and James Love-K oh (Chapter 8); Jessica Ochalek, Susan Cleary, Martin Forster, and Alec Morton (Chapter 9); Ijeoma Edoka, Owen O’Donnell, Bryony Dawkins, and Stephane Verguet (Chapter 10); Matthias Arnold and Yukiko Asada (Chapters 11 and 12); Mieraf Taddesse Tolla, Owen O’Donnell, Matthew Adler, and Finn McGuire (Chapter 13); Bjarne Robberstad, Christopher McCabe, Wandrudee Isaranuwatcha, and Aki Tsuchiya (Chapter 14); Colin Angus and Marta Soares (Chapter 15); and Graham Medley, Anna Vassall, and Richard White (Chapter 16). We would also like to thank Helen Cohen and Elizabeth Grant for excellent administrative support in organizing the peer review process, our editors from Oxford University Press, Nic Wilson, Hillevi Sellén, Sean McLeod and Susan Crowhurst, our copyeditor, Rosalind Wall, our typesetter, Kalpana Sagayanathan from Newgen, and our indexer, Kim Stringer, for their kindness, patience and flexibility at various stages of the process. We would like to thank Owen O’Donnell, James Lomas, James Love-K oh, Andrew Mirelman, Ieva Skarda, and Fan Yang for help in running short courses on distributional cost- effectiveness analysis during the development of this book, and to the many students who have given us feedback.
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