Distribution and some biological aspects of cephalopods in the North and Central Adriatic

2009·4.8 MB·English

by  Elisa Ciavaglia

Boll. Malacol., 45: 61-69(suppl. 2009)
Distribution and some biological aspects of cephalopods
in the North and Central Adriatic
Elisa Ciavaglia (ED) & Chiara Manfredi
Laboratoriodi Biologia Abstract
Marinae Pesca, Viale This paperreportsdata aboutthedistribution ofcephalopodscaughtduringtrawl surveyscarried outinthe
Adriatico 1/N, 61032 North and Central Adriaticfrom 1982 to 2004. Biological notes on some cephalopods are also reported.
Fano(PU), Italy,
[email protected]
Riassunto
(El)Corresponding
Author Nel corso di 40 campagne di ricerca di pesca a strascico effettuate in Altoe MedioAdriatico, fra il 1982 e il
2004, sono state ritrovate 32 specie di cefalopodi di cui tre molto rare nell'area di studio. In questo lavoro,
i dati più recenti vengono utilizzati per aggiornare le informazioni sulla presenza e distribuzione dei cefalo-
podi menofrequenti o di minore importanza commerciale.
Key words
Cephalopods, Adriaticsea, deep-distribution, trawl-survey.
Introduction Material and methods
The Adriatic Sea extends for about 800 km from NW to The study area covers the Italian territorial waters and
SE; its width ranges from 90 to 220 km. It can be subdi- the international waters of the North and Central Adri-
vided into threebasins. atic,to thenorthofthe linejoiningtheGarganopromon-
The northernbasin has shallow waters and depths that tory (Italy) to Kotor (Montenegro). GRUND surveys
gently increase southwards reaching 70 m at maximum were carried out in different seasons up to 1996, after-
depth. The central basin reaches the maximum depth in wards they were carried out only in autumn. The gear
thePomo (orJabuka)pit(-260 m). Thesouthernbasinis usedwasthetartana,acommercialItaliantrawlnet,with
mm
almost entirely occupied by a fairly deep pit which the cod-end mesh size of 40 (stretched). Samplings
reaches - 1,223 m. The general circulation is dominated in MEDITS surveys were always accomplished in the
by a cyclonic gyre: the water masses inflow through the summer, usinganexperimentalgearwiththe mesh cod-
mm
Strait of Otranto along the eastern side and outflow end size of20 (stretched).
m
along the western side. The north-western Adriatic is Hauls werecarried out from 10 to 800 ofdepth. Catch
characterised by a large freshwater inflow that lowers data inweightwerestandardised to thesurfaceunit(= 1
the salinity and leads to high primary production and km2).
h2i00g3h)biological productivity. These features, together Size is reported as dorsal mantle length (ML), ifnototh-
with the geological historyofthebasin, trigger the pres- erwisespecified.
ence ofsomeendemic species (other than cephalopods),
mostlyeuryhalineandofcoldwateraffinity,inthenorth-
ernmost part of the Adriatic. However, there is no evi- Results
dence of any isolated population of cephalopods in the
NorthAdriaticSea (Bello, 1990). Thirty-twospeciesofcephalopodswerefound:3ofthem
TheteuthofaunaoftheAdriaticSea includes45ofthe65 belong tothe orderSepiida, 11 totheorder Sepiolida, 10
species known from the Mediterranean basin (Bello, to the orderTeuthida and 8 to theorderOctopoda.
In this work some observations are reported IneachsurveytheOctopodawerethepredominantfrac-
.
about the presence and distribution of the cephalopod tion, in terms of weight: Eledone moschata was the most
species caught during several trawl surveys carried out abundant species in autumn and winter surveys (from
in the North and Central Adriatic Sea. Such surveys 29% to 60% of the total cephalopod catches), whereas
were accomplished in the framework of the demersal Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata, and Illex coindetii were the
GRUND
resources evaluation programs: (from 1982 to mostabundant species in spring and summer.
2004) and MEDITS(from 1994to2004).Somedataabout Heteroteuthis dispar, Histioteuthis bonnellii, Octopus macro-
the first years of these surveys have been already pub- pus, and Pteroctopus tetracirrluis were no longercollected
lished (Casali et ah, 1998; Soro & Piccinetti Manfrin, after 1995 inanysurveytakenintoaccountinthispaper.
1989) and are updated here with the results of recent These species, as well as 1. coindetii, E. moschata, E. cir-
campaigns. rhosa, Sepia officinalis, Eoligo vulgaris, Octopus vulgaris,
kg/km Sepia orbignyana
:
2.0 -
WIEDITS
G autumn
1.5 --X-- G spring
- G summer
-A-
---®- G winter
1.0
Elisa
Ciavaglia 0.5
&
Chiara
0.0 ~-X
Manfredi 0-50 50-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500
Depth (m)
Fig. 1. Biomassindexagainstdepth gradientforSepiaorbignyana in MEDITSSurveysand in differentseasonsofGRUND Surveys.
Fig. 1. Indicedi biomassasu gradientedi profondità diSepiaorbignyananei survey MEDITSe in diversestagioni deisurveyGRUND.
have been fully discussed previously by Casali et al. size forboth sexesis 12mm. Thesizefor S. elegansinthe
(1998) and Soro & Paolini (1994). studied area ranges from 20 to 80 mm in females and
mm
from 21 to 75 inmales.
Sepüdae
Sepiolidae
Sepia orbignyana and Sepia elegans show a bathymetric
range wider than Sepia officinalis, which is not found Sepietta oweniana is the species more frequently caught,
deeperthan 100 m. followedby Rondeletiola minor, Sepiola robusta, and Rossia
m
Sepia orbignyana has been caught from 15 to 450 of macrosoma.
m
depth, although it is more abundant from 50 to 100 in The latest data corroborate the distribution reported by
all seasons (Fig. 1). An increase ofcatches up to 50 m of Guescin and Manfrin (1986) for the species of the genus
depth,alongthecoastal areasand inthearea tothenorth Sepietta (Fig. 3).
of the Po delta, is recorded in the autumn. Sepiettaobscura, whichprefersshallowwatersandsandy
m
Ineveryseason, S. elegans ismoreabundantup to 100 bottoms, wasmainlycaughtin thenorthernmostarea of
m
of depth and its abundance decreases quickly beyond theAdriatic from 30 to 50 whereas only 10 specimens
m
this depth; occasional catches are recorded till 440 werecaught deeper than 100 m.
(Fig. 2). Unlike prior assumptions (Casali et al., 1998), Sepiettaoweniana and Sepietta neglectaweremainlyfound
new data allow us to suppose that, in the surveyed area, in the middle-southern part of the study area. Sepietta
S. elegans doesnotmigrateseasonally,althoughthisphe- neglecta was occasionally caught (110 specimens) be-
nomenon has been observed in other areas (Relini et al., tween 37 and 340 m, that is the same depth range in
1999). which itwas fished in the Strait ofSicily (Jereb & Di Ste-
Inbothspecies,maturemalesandfemalesoccurthrough- fano, 1995).
out the year, suggesting a long, almost continuous, Sepietta oweniana is common in the whole area across a
spawning period, with males reaching maturity at a wide bathymetric range from 15 to 450 m, with catches
smallersizethanfemales (Relinietal., 1999). InS. orbign- increasing with depth up to 200 m. Females showed
yana, mature males were observed from the size of 38 larger size than males, as reported from the Ionian Sea
mm on and females from 40 mm on. In S. elegans the and Aegean Sea (D'Onghia et al., 1995). MLs ranged
mm mm mm
smallest mature sizes were 29 in males and 31 from 20 to 32 in males and from 12 to45 in females.
in females. In the Italian seas, the maximum reported Mature individuals were found throughout the year,
mm mm
size for S. orbignyana is 96 in females and 93 in with larger percentages in the summer, thus suggesting
males (Jereb & Ragonese, 1991;Beicari &Sartor, 1993). In a peak in the reproductive activity in this season (Relini
thisstudythe largestcollected femalewas 106mm, larg- et al., 1999).
62 est males did not exceed 88 mm. The smallest collected Species belonging to the genus Sepiola were more often
Distribution
and
some
biological
aspects
of
Fig. 2. BiomassindexagainstdepthgradientforSepiaelegansin MEDITS Surveysand in differentseasonsofGRUND Surveys.
Fig.2. Indicedi biomassa su gradientedi profondità diSepiaelegansneisurveyMEDITSe in diversestagioni deisurveyGRUND cephalopods
in
m
caught in the area north of Pescara, deeper than 200 mens); in the autumn two individuals were caught at the
and along thecoasts (Fig. 4). 120mand twomales werecaught in thePomo Pitat220
Sepioln affinis was occasionally caught in the area be- m, an exceptional depth for this benthic littoral species North
m m
tween Ancona and Pescara from 20 to 100 (166 speci- thatusually livesat25-30 ofdepth. and
Central
Adriatic
Fig. 3. Distribuzionedel genereSepietta. 63
North
MiddleAdriatic Depth
Adriatic
Species
10- 51- 51- 100- 201- 301- 501-
10-50 min. max.
50 100 100 200 300 500 800
OrderSEPIIDA
FamilySEPIIDAE
SepiaofficinalisLinnaeus, 1758 + + + + + 10 143
SepiaorbignyanaFérussac, 1826 + + + + + + + - 15 439
Sepiaelegansde Blainville, 1827 + + + + + + + - 11 444
OrderSEPIOLIDA
Elisa
FamilySEPIOLIDAE
SepiolarondeletiiNaef, 1912 + + 21 75
Ciavaglia Sepiola intermediaNaef, 1912 + + + + + - - - 10 114
Sepiola ligulataNaef, 1912 + + + + + + - - 23 201
&
SepiolarobustaNaef, 1912 + + - + + + - - 15 229
Chiara SepiolaaffinisNaef, 1912 + + + + + + - - 19 220
Sepiettaoweniana (d'Orbigny, 1841) + + + + + + + - 14 444
SepiettaneglectaNaef, 1916 + + + + + + + - 37 334
Manfredi SepiettaobscuraNaef, 1916 + + + + + - - - 25 113
Rondeletiolaminor(Naef, 1912) + + + + + + + + 23 733
Heteroteuthisdispar(Rüppell, 1844) - - - - - - + - 327 450
Rossia macrosoma (DelleChiaje, 1830) - - - + + + + + 82 742
OrderTEUTHOIDEA
Family LOLIGINIDAE
LoligovulgarisLamarck, 1798 + + + + + + + 10 412
LoligoforbesiiStreenstrup, 1856 + - - + + + - - 19 260
Alloteuthismedia (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + + + + + - 10 334
FamilyENOPLOTEUTHIADE
Abradaverany(Rüppell, 1844) _ _ _ - + + + + 107 750
FamilyONYCHOTEUTHIDAE
Onychoteuthisbanskii(Leach, 1817) — _ _ — — - + + 335 830
FamilyHISTIOTEUTHIDAE
Histioteuthisbonnellii(Férrusac, 1835) + + 167 581
Histioteuthisreversa (Verril, 1880) - - - - - - - + 564 830
FamilyOMMASTREPHIDAE
Illexcoindetii(Verany, 1839) + + + + + + + + 12 733
Todaropsiseblanae(Ball, 1841) - - + + + + + + 19 733
Todarodessagittatus (Lamarck, 1798) - + - + + + + + 77 623
OrderOCTOPODA
FamilyOCTOPODIDAE
OctopusvidgarisCuvier,1797 + + + + + + 17 396
Octopus macropusRisso, 1826 - - - - - + - - - 107 336
OctopussalutiiVerany, 1851 - - + + + + + - 29 463
OctopusdefilippiVerany, 1851 - - - - + + - - 93 260
Scaeurgusunicirrhus (DelleChiaje, 1830) + + + + + + + - 33 344
Pteroctopustetracirrhus (DelleChiaje, 1830) - - - - + + - - 110 239
Eledonemoschata (Lamarck, 1798) + + + + + - - - 10 163
Eledonecirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798) - + + + + + + - 17 462
Tab. 1. ListofcephalopodscaughtintheNorth and CentralAdriaticduring demersaltrawlsurveyscarriedoutfrom 1982to2004.
Tab. 1. Lista deicefalopodi rinvenuti inAltoe MedioAdriaticonell'ambitodi trawlsurveysdal 1982 al2004.
Sepiola intermedia was caught only in the spring and in viduals); in the spring and in the summer 17 specimens
the summerfrom 10 to 120 m ofdepth (112individuals), were found up to 230 mofdepth.
mainly alongcoastal areas. Only four specimens of Sepiola rondeletii were caught:
Sepiolaligulatawascaughtbetween20and200mofdepth twoindividualsin thesummerof1999offPesaro (depth:
(50 individuals),with catches increasing with depth. 21 m) and two in the summerof2000 offAncona (75 m).
Sepiola robusta was regularly found in the northernmost Rondeletiola minor is mainly distributed in the middle
64 part of the studied area, up to 100 m ofdepth (292 indi- partoftheAdriaticbasin (Fig. 5). Previously, itwas doc-
Distribution
and
some
biological
aspects
of
cephalopods
in
Fig.4. DistribuzionedelgenereSepiola. the
North
and
Central
Adriatic
Fig. 5. Distribution areaofRondeletiolaminorand Rossiamacrosoma.
Fig. 5. DistribuzionediRondeletiolaminoreRossiamacrosoma. 65
Elisa
Ciavaglia
&
Chiara
Manfredi
Fig. 6. DistribuzionediLoligoforbesii, Abraliaverany, HistioteuthisreversaeOnychoteuthisbanksii.
m
umented up to 150-200 ofdepth (Bello, 1990;Guescini Allotenthis media is widely found in the Middle and
& Manfrin, 1986). Recent data pointout that this species NorthAdriatic from 50 to200m ofdepth with occasion-
is common from 150 to 300 m of depth, but four speci- alcatchesdownto500m. Inall seasonsA. media is more
m m
mens were caught also at depth from 20 to 80 to the concentrated to the depthof50 and itsabundancede-
m
north of Ancona and four specimens beyond 450 in creases with depth. Unlike the North Tyrrhenian Sea
the area in front of the Gargano promontory. It was al- (Mannini & Volpi, 1989), seasonal migrations towards
ways caught together with S. oweniam, as observed in thecoastal waters werenot observed during the spawn-
otherMediterraneanareas (Mannini &Volpi, 1989;Jereb ingperiod. Thelargestabundanceindiceswerereported
& Di Stefano, 1995). in theautumnsurvey (Soro & Piccinetti-Manfrin, 1989).
Rossiamacrosomaismainlydistributedintheareainfront
m
of the Gargano, from 100 to 450 of depth (192 speci- Ommastrephidae
m
mens); three specimens were netted at 82 offGiulian-
ova (Fig. 5). As itwasobservedin theAegean and in the Todarodes sagittatus and Todaropsis eblanae share a simi-
Ionian Seas (D'Onghia et al., 1995), in the northern and lar distribution (Fig. 7). Todarodes sagittatus was rarely
m
central Adriatic as well mature individuals were found caught,mainlyinthecentralAdriaticfrom90to610 of
throughout all seasons. The smallest mature female depth,althoughnineindividualswerecaughtat70m;in
measured 47 mm and the smallest male 31 mm. Mantle all, 54 individuals were caught. Catches increased with
length ranged from 26 to 58 mm in males, from 30 mm depth,from0.08kg/km2 inthe50-100mstratum,to 1.57
,
on in females. The latterwere found toreachlargersizes kg/km2 in the500-800 mstratum.
,
thantheformer,asobservedintheAegeanSea(D'Onghia Todaropsis eblanae was fished only in the central Adriatic
m
et al, 1994). (1,014 specimens), from 20 to 750 of depth, often to-
getherwith lllexcoindetii, as also found byGamulin-Bri-
Loligimdae da & Ilijanic (1972). It showed the largest abundance
m
from 200 to 300 ofdepth. Biological data of Todaropsis
Loligoforbesii is an uncommon species in the surveyed eblanaepointoutawidereproductiveperiod:intheAdri-
m
area. It prefers depths over 50 (Relini et al., 1999) but atic Sea individualsare found atdifferentmaturitystag-
13 specimens were caught at shallower depths in the es all year though, as in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Favilla,
northern Adriatic, especially in the spring and in the 1996). Mature specimens were found throughout the
summer (Fig. 6); the same depth ofcapture was already year although they were more abundant in the spring
66 documented in the southern AdriaticSea (Bello, 1990). and autumn. This is in agreement with Mangold-Wirz
Distribution
and
some
biological
aspects
of
cephalopods
in
Fig. 7. Distribuzionedi Todarodessagittatuse Todaropsiseblanae. the
North
and
Central
Adriatic
Fig. 8. Distribuzionedi Octopusdefilìppi, OctopussalutaeScaeurgusunicirrhus. 67
:
(1963) who documented the reproductive period from Only few species show anomalous occurrences. Some
March to November. Males reach maturity at a smaller specimens of Octopus salutii were fished at depths shal-
ML
than females (Relini et al., 1999). In the study area lower than 50 m, Todarodes sagittatus at 70 m, whereas
mm
the minimum size for a mature male was 100 and two specimens of Sepiola ajfinis, which is considered a
for a mature female 110 mm. Females attained larger shallow waterspecies, werefound deeper than200 m.
sizes than males, in agreement with Relini et al. (1999). Inthestudyarea,littlebiologicalinformationisavailable
Themaximumsizeobservedwas 185mminfemalesand about rarely caught species as well as low commercial
mm
140 in males. value ones, compared to fishery targeted cephalopods.
This study makes us suppose a broad reproductive pe-
Octopodidae riod for some species such as Todaropsis eblanae, Sepia el-
egans, Sepiaorbignyana, Sepiettaoweniana,and Rossia mac-
Herein only data about Octopus salutii, Octopus defilippi, rosoma. We expect to widen the knowledge of many as-
Elisa
and Scaeurgus unicirrhus are reported; for the other spe- pectsoftheecologyandreproductivebiologyofallthese
cies of the order Octopoda, refer to Casali et al. (1998) species with the data tobe collected in thenextsurveys.
Ciavaglia
and Soro & Paolini (1994).
& These species inhabit sandy and muddy bottoms (Man-
gold-Wirz, 1963; Boletzky, 1977). The most abundant Acknowledgements
Chiara
catcheswererecordedintheareain frontoftheGargano
promontory (Fig.8),probablybecauseofsuitabledepths We would like to thank Dr. Gabriella Manfrin for her
Manfredi and type ofbottom. help and support during the fieldwork and Dr. Giam-
Amongthesespecies,O.salutiishowedthewidestbathy- battista Bello for constructive suggestions and language
metric range: 279 specimens were caught from 50 to 450 improvement of the text. Thanks are also due to two
m of depth; in the summer of 2004 an individual was anonymous referees for their useful comments on the
caughtat30 m. Catches increased with depth. manuscript.
In other areas of the Mediterranean S. unicirrhus is occa-
sionally found, usually deeper than 100 m (Mannini &
Volpi., 1989; Bello, 1990; Pastorelli et al., 1998). In the References
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cephalopods
in
the
North
and
Central
Adriatic
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