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Dissociation in Argumentative Discussions: A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective (Argumentation Library) PDF

152 Pages·2008·0.9 MB·English
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DISSOCIATION IN ARGUMENTATIVE DISCUSSIONS Argumentation Library VOLUME 13 Series Editors Frans H. van Eemeren, University of Amsterdam Scott Jacobs, University of Arizona Erik C.W. Krabbe, University of Groningen John Woods, University of Lethbridge DISSOCIATION IN ARGUMENTATI V E DISCUSSIONS A Pragma-Dialectical Perspective By M. A. VAN REES Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands M.AgnesvanRees Lombokweg3 8391KGNoordwolde Netherlands [email protected] ISBN:978-1-4020-9149-0 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-9150-6 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008934576 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withtheexception ofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingentered andexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface This book represents the conclusion of ten years of research into dis- sociation. The results of this research have been published, bit by bit, invariousmedia:journals,conferenceproceedings,anthologies.This monograph brings together these scattered papers. For this book, the papershavebeenrewritten,newmaterialhasbeenadded,andthevar- iouspartshavebeengroupedintoacoherentwhole. I want to thank my colleagues in the Department of Speech Com- munication, Argumentation Theory, and Rhetoric of the Universiteit van Amsterdam most warmly for the critical and constructive com- mentsthatIhavebeensofortunateastoreceiveduringalltheseyears. Without the intellectual stimulus of the discussions with Frans van Eemeren, Peter Houtlosser (who, to my intense regret, did not live to see the appearance of this book), Francisca Snoeck Henkemans, Bart Garssen, Eveline Feteris, Jan-Albert van Laar, Jean Wagemans, and the other participants in the Friday research symposia in our Depart- ment, I would not have been able to deal with the complex problems that the various aspects of dissociation all too often posed. My grat- itude also extends to the Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis, particularlyforthetravelgrantsIwasawarded,whichmadeitpossible formetoalsosubmittheresultsofmyresearchtothecriticalscrutiny of the international forum of argumentation scholars. Finally, I want to thank the two anonymous referees who read the manuscript of this bookfortheirmanyusefulsuggestionsforimprovement. March2008 Noordwolde-Zuid v Contents Introduction ........................................... xi PartI Dissociation 1 TheConceptofDissociation ......................... 3 2 TheUsesofDissociation............................. 17 2.1 Philosophy..................................... 17 2.2 TheLaw....................................... 20 2.3 Politics........................................ 24 2.4 Science........................................ 27 2.5 Conclusion .................................... 29 3 IndicatorsofDissociation ........................... 31 3.1 SpeechActs.................................... 32 3.1.1 Distinction .............................. 32 3.1.2 Definition ............................... 36 3.2 Value ......................................... 39 3.3 Contradiction .................................. 41 3.4 Conclusion .................................... 43 PartII DissociationasaDiscussionTechnique 4 TheModelofCriticalDiscussion ..................... 47 vii viii Contents 5 TheConfrontation Stage ............................ 55 5.1 Bringing ForwardaStandpoint.................... 55 5.2 Bringing ForwardCriticism AgainstaStandpoint .... 58 5.3 MaintainingorWithdrawing aStandpoint........... 60 5.3.1 Maintaining ............................. 60 5.3.2 Withdrawing............................. 62 6 TheOpeningStage ................................. 67 6.1 ProposingStartingPoints ........................ 67 6.2 AttackingStartingPoints......................... 70 6.3 Reacting to Criticism Brought Forward Against StartingPoints .................................. 73 7 TheArgumentationStage ........................... 77 7.1 FirstCriticalQuestion ........................... 78 7.2 SecondCriticalQuestion ......................... 80 7.3 ThirdCriticalQuestion .......................... 82 8 TheConcludingStage .............................. 87 PartIII TheStrengthsandWeaknessesofDissociation 9 TheDialectical SoundnessofDissociation ............. 93 9.1 OtherApproaches............................... 94 9.2 Pragma-Dialectics .............................. 97 9.2.1 ProceduralRequirements .................. 99 9.2.2 MaterialRequirements .................... 102 9.3 Conclusions.................................... 106 10 ThePersuasivenessofDissociation ................... 111 10.1 OccasionsfortheUseofDissociation .............. 112 10.2 ResponsestoDissociation ........................ 114 10.2.1 AcceptingtheDistinction .................. 116 10.2.2 AcceptingtheValueHierarchy.............. 117 10.2.3 AcceptingtheSolution .................... 118 10.3 GainingAudienceAcceptance .................... 120 Contents ix 11 AnExtendedExample .............................. 123 11.1 TheCase ...................................... 124 11.2 TheRoleofDissociationinClinton’sDefense ....... 129 11.2.1 TheOccasion ............................ 130 11.2.2 TheDissociation ......................... 130 11.2.3 DialecticalandRhetoricalEffects ........... 131 11.2.4 DialecticalSoundness ..................... 134 11.2.5 PersuasiveEffectiveness ................... 135 11.3 Conclusions.................................... 136 References............................................. 141 Index ................................................. 145 Introduction In the Spring of 2005, in a number of Dutch newspapers an ad ap- peared for a new gossip magazine with the following text: ‘Sorry, Patty,Henny,Hannie’–andawholelistofothernamesofwell-known Dutch media personalities followed – ‘If you’re not in, you’re out! InMagazine. The weekly entertainment glossy about the real stars’. (Metro 27-05-2005). For Patty Brard, Henny Huisman, Hannie, and the others, the sting is in the tail: Apparently, there are ‘real stars’, whosecomingsandgoingsarereportedoninInMagazine,andacate- goryofpeoplewhomaybethoughttheywereastar,butwhoinactual fact cannot pretend to anything more than a name that rings faintly familiar.Andwhowouldwanttoreadaboutthelikesofthose?Forthe readers of the ad the message is clear: If you want to keep informed abouttherealstars,youmustbuyInMagazine. The ad for InMagazine makes use of an argumentative technique that the argumentation theorists Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, in theirinfluentialbookTheNewRhetoric.ATreatiseonArgumentation (1969), termed dissociation. According to Perelman and Olbrechts- Tyteca, through dissociation, a notion that originally was considered by the audience as a conceptual unity is split up into two new no- tions,eachofwhichcontainsonlypartoftheoriginalone,onenotion containing the aspects of the original notion that belong to the realm of the merely apparent, the other one containing the aspects of the original notion that belong to the realm of the real. Dissociation en- tails conceptual reorientation, ‘remodeling our conception of reality’ (1969:413).ThereadersoftheadforInMagazinemighthavethought that there was a simple, unitary notion of stardom and that they knew whowasworthytobearthatname,butafterreadingtheadtheyknew better: apparently there are two types of stardom, the real stars, to which category only those personalities belong whose life is reported xi

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Dissociation is a pervasive argumentative technique that can be found in argumentative discussions from all realms of public and private life. Up till now, a comprehensive and systematic argumentation theoretical study of dissociation does not exist. This book aims to fill this gap. The treatment in
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