Dissection of the Dog PDF
Preview Dissection of the Dog
A GUIDE TO THE DISSECTION OF THE DOG N O CHARNOCK BRADLEY M.D D. SC PRINCIPAL OF THE ROYAL DICK VETERINARY COLLEGE EDINBURGH LECTURER ( ) , ; ON COMPARATIV E ANATOMY UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH , WI TH 69 ILL US TBA TIONS L O NG MA N S , G R E E N. A ND C O . 39 PATERNOSTER ROW , LONDON NEW YORK , BOMBAY AND CALCUTTA ' 1912 A l l r i g h t s r e s e rv e d PREFAOE DURING recent years the feel ing that there was room for a book in Engl ish deal ing with the anatomy of the dog has been steadily gaining ground . Doubt less in the opinion of many the gap can be adequately filled only by a systematic , , treatise similar to the classic Anatomie des Hundes of Ellenberger and Baum. Until some such work makes i ts appearance perhaps the present publ ication , may serve as a temporary means of supplying the deficiency. For several reasons it was decided to introduce the subj ect of canine anatomy to the English reader in the form of short notes planned to aid him in - his desire to obtain first hand knowledge by dissection . Herein are given directions which experience has shown will help the student to display the various organs and structures in an orderly and rofitable manner . The p descriptions which foll ow are purposely given in the briefest possible form , in order that the dissection of the whole animal may be accomplished within a reasonable length of time . While primarily intended for the guidance of the student who proposes to j oin the ranks of a profession which already contains a fair number of special ists whose work nec essitates a close knowledge of the anatomy of the dog , i t is hoped that these notes may be of some service to the student of comparative anatomy Who wishes to gain an acquaintance with the structure of an easily obtained mammal . The nomenclature herein employed is that which may be called the Baden and Stuttgart modification of the E.N.A . of the human anatomist and if ; , not perfect is infinitely better than the nondescript nomenclature crowded , , wi th synonyms formerly found in works on comparative anatomy. , My thanks are due to my colleague Mr . W. M. Mi tchell for , , assis tance in many direc tions and to the publishers for the cordial manner in ; which they have met my suggestions . 0 . CHARNOCK BRADLEY. EDINBURGH : June 1912. COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT Dissection of the Pectoral Re ion g Dia ram of the Cranial Mesenterio Arterv g Coeliac Artery Portal Vein Medial Surface of the Ri ht Lun g g Medial Surface of the Left Lun g Dia ram of the Thoracic Duct g Dia ram of Part of the Sy m athetic Nervous System g p Dia ram of the Urinary Or ans of the Male g g Su erficial Dissection of the Inside of the Thi h p g Dissection of the Inside of the Thi h g Su erficial Dissection of the Gluteal Re ion and Thi h p g g Dissection of Gluteal Re ion and Lateral As ect of the Thi h g p g Dee Dissection of the Gluteal Re ion p g Dia ram of the Arteries on the Dorsum of the Pes g Dia ram of the Nerves on the Dorsum of the Pes g Dissection of the Lateral As ect of the Le p g Dissection of Ori in of Tibial and Common Peroneal Nerves g Dissection of the Medial As ect of the Le p g Su erficial Dissection of the Sole p Dia ram of the Plantar Nerves of the Pes g Dia ram of the Plantar Arteries of the Pes g Dia ram of the External Iliac and Hy o astric Arteries g p g Su erficial Dissection of the Shoulder and Neck p Dissection of the Shoulder Dissection of the Media] As ect of the Shoulder Arm and Forearm , , p Dissection of the Lateral Aspect of the Shoulder Arm and Forearm , , Dissection of the Arm Dissection of the Medial As ect of the Forearm p Dia ram of Nerves on the Dorsum of the Manus g Dia ram of Nerves on the Volar As ect of the Manus g p Dia ram of the Arteries on the Dorsum of the Manus g Dia ram of the Volar Arteries of the Manus g Dissection of the Side of the Neck and Thorax viii ILLUSTRATIONS Su erficial Dissection of the Face p Dissec tion of the Ton ue Pharynx g , , Dissection of the Lar nx y Dissection of the Larynx Dissection of the Orbit Dissection of the Orbit Arteries at the Base of the Brain BLACK AND WHITE ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT Dia ram of the Brachial Plexus g Position of the Abdominal Viscera Extent of the Abdominal Muscles Transverse Section of the Abdomen Transverse Section throu h the Abdomen g Transverse Section of the Abdomen Transverse Section of the Thorax Transverse Section of the Thorax Outline of the S leen p Outline of the Stomach Lateral Surface of the Ri ht Lun g g Lateral Surface of the Left Lun g Dia hra matic Surface of the Lun s p g g Outline of the Heart as seen from the Left Outline of the Heart as seen from the Ri ht g Dia ram of the Branches of the Bronchi g Outline of the Dia hra matic Surf ace of the Liver p g Outline of the Visceral Surf ace of the Liver Dia ram of the Gall-bladder and its Associated Ducts g Plexus of Lumbar and Sacral Nerves Tendons on the Dorsum of the Manus Transverse Section of the S inal Cord p Transverse Sections of the S inal Cord at Different Levels p Lateral Surface of the Cerebral Hemis here p Dorsal View of the Cerebral Hemis here p Medial Surfac e of the Cerebral Hemis here p Dissection to show the Floor of the Lateral Ventricle Lateral As ect of Hind-brai n and Mid-brain p DISSECTION or THE DOG THE dissec tion of the dog is best begun with the animal lying on its back . I f the subj ec t i s a female the mammary glands should be examined as far as , possible before any dissec tion is carried out . — The mammary glands of the dog are eight to ten in number , — — arranged in a double row often asymmetrical along the ventral aspect of the thorax and abdomen. When ten glands are present they can generally be , designated as four thorac ic four abdominal and two pubic . , , Though nipples are present in both sexes mammary glands as such are , , , seldom demonstrable in the male . Even in the female , except during the period of lactation the mammae do not generally form very distinc t proj ections . , Each ni le papilla mammae is conical in form covered with hairless skin pp ( ) , , and pierced at i ts apex by numerous eight to twelve Openings . Each smal l ( ) orifice leads to a milk canal ductus lactiferus which traverses the length of the ( ) , teat from a milk sinus sinus lactiferus at its base . ( ) — — Dissection Make a longitudinal incision along the mid ventral line from the middle of the neck to near the external genital parts and a transverse , incision from the medial aspec t of one elbow to a corresponding point on the opposite limb . Two short and two long flaps of skin should now be reflected. In doing this be careful to avoid removal of the mammary , glands . On arriving at the base of the nipple make a c ircular cut through , the skin so as to leave the teat uninj ured and attached to its gland. In turning outwards the flaps in the neck avoid removal of the cutaneous , muscle which here forms a thin layer of transverse fibres . - If the mammary glands are not active the gland tissue will be scanty and form merely a thin layer under the skin . Generally the thoracic glands are separate from each other whil e those over the abdomen are continuous . The , character of the glands is much more obvious during lactation when they , form a continuous lobulated sheet stretching from the oral border of the , pectoral muscles to the neighbourhood of the external genital parts . — Dissection Remove the thorac ic mammary glands and define the pectoral muscles . Then proceed with the dissection as in the male . DISSECTION OF THE DOG — Dissection o the Ill ale. If the subj ec t be a male make an inci sion along f - the mid ventral l ine from the middle of the neck to the prepuce . Then make a transverse incision from the medial aspect of one elbow to a similar point on the Opposite limb . Turn back four flaps of skin . In doing so an extensive but thin subcutaneous muscular sheet , — — m. cutaneus will be exposed in the neck where its fibres are , transverse and over the abdomen where they are oblique . , , Define the pectoral muscles . In clearing the f ascia from the pectoral muscles note small vessels and - nerves about six which appear close to the mid ventral l ine and ( ) , proceed laterally over the surface of the muscles . These vessels are the perforating branches of the internal mammary artery. In the xiphoid region an artery and vein branches of the cranial epigastric vessels ( ) appear from under the border of the deep pectoral muscle and run , - obliquely in cando lateral direction to supply the mammary region . These are larger in the female . — M. PECTORALIS SUPERFICIALIS . In the main the fibres of the superficial pectoral muscle run transversely to the long axis of the body. The origin of the muscle is from the fir st two segments of the sternum and from the septum — between it and its fellow muscle and i ts insertion hidden as yet by the , - — brachio cephalic muscle is to the line on the humerus running distalwards from the tuberculum majus . Crossing th e superficial pectoral muscle close to its insertion and lying in , - a narrow Space bounded by this and the brachio cephalic muscle are two , vessels namely , a communicating branch from the cephalic vein to the external - j ugular vein , and the deltoid ramus of the thoraco acromial artery. — Dissection Reflect the superficial pectoral muscle by cutting across i t close to its origin and notice in doing so that the muscle increases in , thickness towards its cranial border. Clean the surface of the deep pectoral muscle and dissect out the various structures lying in a triangular space at the root of the neck. In reflecting the superficial muscle observe its nerve of supply ( from the brachial plexus) bending round the cranial border of the deep pectoral muscle accompanied by the pectoral ramus , - of the thoraco acromial artery and its satellite vein . — M. PECTORALIS PROFUNDUS . The deep pectoral muscle is much more extensive than the superficial member of the same group . Consequently a , considerable extent of i t is visible before the superficial muscle is reflected . Its fibres are disposed with a varying degree of obliquity . The most caudal fibres are the most obli q ue . The caudal border of the muscle is rendered some what indefinite from the presence of a narrow band sometimes isolated and , always separable from the rest . , DISSECTION OF THE DOG 3 The origin of the muscle is from the sternum from the level of the second costal cartilage to the xiphoid process . I ts insertion is into the medial tubercle ( tuberculum minus) of the humerus , and , by means of a thin tendon which crosses the origin of the biceps , to the lateral tubercle ( tuberculum majus ) “ v. jug ularis er lerna - m. brachw cr halicus p - m. slerno ce halicus p m. pedoralis superficial is medianus m bice s brachn p n. ulnaris l m. tri ce ps brach ii ' ’ i m. tensor fascia antabrachu m. pedoralis profundus m. red us abdominis FIG. l .—Dissection of th e ectoral re ion. p g also. The most caudal fibres of the muscle are connected with the cutaneous muscle of the abdomen. At the root of the neck is a triangular spac e of some moment on account of the structures contained therein . The lateral limit of the space is formed - - by the brachi o cephalic muscle . Medially the sterno cephalic muscle forms — — its boundary whi le its base c audal in position lies at the edge of the ; pectoral muscles .
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