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DISEASES OF RENAL PARENCHYMA Edited by Manisha Sahay DISEASES OF RENAL PARENCHYMA Edited by Manisha Sahay Diseases of Renal Parenchyma Edited by Manisha Sahay Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Adriana Pecar Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Diseases of Renal Parenchyma, Edited by Manisha Sahay p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0245-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Glomerular Diseases 1 Chapter 1 The Power of Molecular Genetics in Establishing the Diagnosis and Offering Prenatal Testing: The Case for Alport Syndrome 3 Constantinos Deltas, Konstantinos Voskarides, Panagiota Demosthenous, Louiza Papazachariou, Panos Zirogiannis and Alkis Pierides Part 2 Tubular Disorders 15 Chapter 2 Dent’s Disease 17 Elena Levtchenko, Arend Bökenkamp, Leo Monnens and Michael Ludwig Part 3 Systemic Diseases of Kidney 33 Chapter 3 Plasma Concentration of Adipokines, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 35 Mariya Severova, Evgeniya Saginova, Marat Galliamov, Nickolay Ermakov, Alla Rodina, Mikhail Severov, Andrey Pulin, Viktor Fomin and Nikolay Mukhin Chapter 4 The Obesity Epidemic and Kidney Disease: A Literature Review 45 Veeraish Chauhan, Megha Vaid, Nishtha Chauhan and Akhil Parashar Chapter 5 Uric Acid and Renal Function 57 Guilherme Ambrosio Albertoni, Fernanda Teixeira Borges and Nestor Schor VI Contents Chapter 6 Renal Disease and Pregnancy 75 Marius Craina, Elena Bernad, Răzvan Niţu, Paul Stanciu, Cosmin Cîtu, Zoran Popa, Corina Şerban and Rodica Mihăescu Chapter 7 Arterial Hypertension and Renal Disease 93 Corina Şerban, Rodica Mihăescu, Lavinia Noveanu, Ioana Mozoş, Ruxandra Christodorescu and Simona Drăgan Chapter 8 Sickle Cell Disease and Renal Disease 113 Mathias Abiodun Emokpae and Patrick Ojiefo Uadia Chapter 9 Renal Cortical Neoplasms and Associated Renal Functional Outcomes 135 Gina M. Badalato, Max Kates, Neda Sadeghi and James M. McKiernan Chapter 10 The Role of B-Cells and B-Cell Targeted Therapies in Lupus Nephritis 153 Irene Blanco, Saakshi Khattri and Chaim Putterman Part 4 Diabetes and Kidney 177 Chapter 11 Diabetic Nephropathy: Current and Novel Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent Its Development and Progression 179 Karly C. Sourris and Josephine M. Forbes Chapter 12 Antioxidant Therapy for Diabetic Kidney Disease 203 Alina Livshits and Axel Pflueger Chapter 13 Is Limb Loss Always Inevitable for Critical Neuro-Ischemic Foot Wounds in Diabetic Patients with End Stage Renal Disease and Unfit for Vascular Reconstructions? 229 Vlad Alexandrescu Chapter 14 Diabetes and Renal Disease 247 Rodica Mihăescu, Corina Şerban, Simona Drăgan, Romulus Timar, Ioana Mozoş, Marius Craina and Adalbert Schiller Chapter 15 Diabetic Nephropathy: A Cardiovascular Risk Factor 271 Caroline Jane Magri and Stephen Fava Preface The first section of this book deals with various primary glomerular diseases. It discusses the pathogenic aspects of Alport’s syndrome. The second section focuses on tubular diseases. Dent’s disease, which is an important tubular disorder, has also been highlighted. The third section gives some insight into the kidney's role in various systemic diseases, as illustrated in the chapters on diabetic kidney disease. The other important systemic disease that has significant renal involvement is systemic lupus erythematosus. The latest developments in the field of SLE which have been incorporated will be of use to the readers in their clinical practice. The role of uric acid in health and disease is an area of active research. Kidney diseases may be the cause or effect of disturbed uric acid metabolism, which is very well illustrated in the chapter on uric acid and the kidney. The book also provides insight into the effect of pregnancy on the kidney. The kidney is an innocent bystander in various hemolytic anemias and the renal involvement in sickle cell disease highlights this point. It is widely recognized that obesity contributes to morbidity and mortality from diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some forms of cancer, yet the important role that it plays in the progression of kidney disease is rarely mentioned. The chapter on obesity and kidney disease aims to raise awareness about the importance of obesity in chronic kidney disease. This book will contribute to the readers' development of a lifelong interest in nephrology. The aim of this book is to give ample opportunities to the learners as well as masters of the subject. Dr. Manisha Sahay Professor and Head, Dept. of Nephrology, Osmania General Hospital / Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad Consultant Nephrologist, Aditya Hospital, Tilak Road, Abids Member of Young Nephrologists Committee - International Sociey of Nephrology Executive Committee Member - Indian Society of Nephrology (Central) Executive Committee Member - Southern Chapter of Indian Society of Nephrology Ameerpet, Hyderabad India Part 1 Glomerular Diseases