Diseases of Sheep PDF
Preview Diseases of Sheep
Diseases of Sheep Diseases of Sheep Fourth Edition Edited by I.D. Aitken OBE, BVMS, PhD, CBiol, FIBiol, DVM&S h.c. (Edinburgh), FRAgS, MRCVS Former Director, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh © 2000 by Blackwell Science Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Diseases of sheep/edited by I. D. Aitken. – 4th ed. Chapter 33 © 2007 Crown Copyright p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Blackwell Publishing editorial offices: ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3414-9 (hardback : alk. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, paper) Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK ISBN-10: 1-4051-3414-3 (hardback : alk. paper) Tel:(cid:2)44 (0)1865 776868 1. Sheep–Diseases. I. Aitken, I. D. (Ian D.) Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State [DNLM: 1. Sheep Diseases. SF 968 D611 2007] Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA Tel:(cid:2)1 515 292 0140 SF968.D465 2007 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston 636.3(cid:118)0896--dc22 Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia 2006034967 Tel:(cid:2)61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Authors to be identified as the A catalogue record for this title is available from the Authors of this Work has been asserted in British Library accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Set in Times and Helvetica by Gray Publishing, Tunbridge Wells, UK All rights reserved. No part of this publication may Printed and bound in Singapore be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper except as permittedby the UK Copyright, Designs from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission and which hasbeen manufactured from pulp of the publisher. processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the First published 1983 publisher ensures that the text paper and cover Second edition 1991 board used have met acceptable environmental Third edition 2000 accreditation standards. Fourth edition 2007 For further information on Blackwell Publishing, ISBN-13: 978-14051-3414-9 visit our website: www.BlackwellVet.com Contents Contributors viii Part IV: Reproductive diseases Foreword to the Fourth Edition xiii 11 Genital abnormalities, obstetrical problems and birth injuries 75 Preface xiv J.C. Hindson and A.C. Winter 12 Neonatal conditions 81 Part I: Introduction D.C. Henderson 1 Sheep: a UK perspective on a world resource 3 13 Ram infertility 87 D.A.R. Davies A. Greig 14 Prolapse and hernia 94 Part II: Welfare B.D. Hosie 2 Sheep welfare: standards and 15 Mastitis and contagious agalactia 99 practices 15 G.H. Watkins and J.E.T. Jones A.C. Winter and J.L. Fitzpatrick 16 Chlamydial abortion 105 3 Welfare of fetal and newborn I.D. Aitken and D. Longbottom lambs 22 17 Toxoplasmosis and neosporosis 112 D.J. Mellor D. Buxton and S.M. Rodger 4 Sheep welfare: castration and tail 18 Border disease 119 docking 27 P.F. Nettleton and K. Willoughby V. Molony and J.E. Kent 19 Other infectious causes of abortion 127 5 Sheep welfare: transport of sheep 32 R. Mearns J.A. Earl 20 Brucella melitensisinfection 137 6 Slaughter of sheep 37 G. Castrucci D.C. Henderson 21 Ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis 143 Part III: Reproductive physiology A. Greig 7 The reproductive cycle and its manipulation 43 Part V: Diseases of the D.C. Henderson and J.J. Robinson alimentary system 8 Ewe management for reproduction 53 22 Diseases of the oral cavity 149 L.A. Stubbings A.L. Ridler and D.M. West 9 Management and care of rams 61 23 Clostridial diseases 156 J. Vipond and A. Greig C.J. Lewis 10 The perinatal period 65 24 Mycobacterial infections 168 D.J. Mellor and J.C. Hodgson J.M. Sharp vi Contents 25 Other enteric conditions 174 41 Arthritis 288 R.C. Gumbrell G.H. Watkins 26 Cryptosporidiosis and coccidiosis 179 S.E. Wright and R.L. Coop Part IX: Diseases of the skin, wool and eyes 27 Gastrointestinal helminthosis 185 F. Jackson and R.L. Coop 42 Orf 297 H.W. Reid and S.M. Rodger 28 Liver fluke 195 G.B.B. Mitchell 43 Sheep pox 302 R.P. Kitching Part VI: Diseases of the 44 Caseous lymphadenitis 306 respiratory system G.J. Baird 29 Acute respiratory virus infections 207 45 Staphylococcal skin infections 312 J.M. Sharp and P.F. Nettleton P.E. McNeil 30 Contagious respiratory tumours 211 46 Bacterial and fungal infections of J.M. Sharp and M. De las Heras the skin and wool 315 31 Maedi-visna 217 J. Plant G.C. Pritchard and I. McConnell 47 Sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) 321 32 Pasteurellosis 224 P. Bates W. Donachie 48 Other ectoparasitic conditions 326 33 Mycoplasma respiratory infections 231 P. Bates R.D. Ayling and R.A.J. Nicholas 49 Photosensitization 338 34 Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia 236 A. Flåøyen F.E. Malone 50 Ocular diseases 342 B.D. Hosie Part VII: Diseases of the nervous system 51 Tick-borne diseases 347 35 Scrapie 241 Z. Woldehiwet M. Jeffrey and L. González 36 Louping-ill 250 Part X: Metabolic and mineral H.W. Reid and F. Chianini disorders 37 Listeriosis 255 52 Pregnancy toxaemia 359 P.R. Scott N.D. Sargison 38 Other nervous diseases 259 53 Deficiency of mineral P.R. Scott macro-elements 363 Part VIII: Diseases of the feet and legs A.R. Sykes 39 Diseases of the feet 273 54 Micronutrient imbalance 377 J.R. Egerton N.F. Suttle and D.G. Jones 40 Foot-and-mouth disease 282 55 Diseases of the urinary system 395 A.I. Donaldson and R.F. Sellers N.D. Sargison and K.W. Angus Contents vii Part XI: Poisons 66 Australia 498 56 Plant poisoning in Britain and Ireland 405 J. Plant K.W. Angus 67 New Zealand 504 57 Inorganic and organic poisons 424 A.L. Ridler and N.D. Sargison W.J. McCaughey 68 North America 509 C. Wolf Part XII: Tumours 69 South America: pampas areas 514 58 Tumours 443 L.A.O. Ribeiro R.W. Else 70 South America: Andean highlands 519 R. Rosadio Part XIII: Other important 71 South America: Patagonia 524 diseases C.A. Robles 59 Sarcocystiosis 451 A. Uggla and D. Buxton Part XV: Technical section 72 Flock health programmes 537 60 Bluetongue 455 R.N. Spedding, J.C. Hindson and B.I. Osburn J.A. Earl 61 Rinderpest and peste des petits 73 Pharmacology and therapeutics 544 ruminants 460 S. Page and D. Hennessy W.P. Taylor and T. Barrett 74 Anaesthesia and common surgical 573 62 Rift Valley fever 469 procedures G.F. Bath E.W. Scott 63 Akabane disease 473 75 Necropsy and sampling techniques 580 P.D. Kirkland F. Howie Part XIV: Regional problems Part XVI: Appendices 64 Middle East and North Africa 483 Appendix A 601 M.M. Rweyemamu and J. Berrada Appendix B 602 65 Southern Africa 493 G.F. Bath Index 605 Colour plate section appears between pages 178 and 179 Contributors Present and former staff of Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK I.D. AITKEN OBE BVMS, PhD, CBiol, FIBiol, DVM&S J.C. HODGSON BSc, PhD, MBA hc (Edinburgh), FRAgS, MRCVS F. JACKSON BSc, PhD K.W. ANGUS BVMS, DVM, FRCVS D.G. JONES BSc, PhD D. BUXTON BVM&S, PhD, FRCPATH, FRCVS D. LONGBOTTOM BSc, PhD F. CHIANINI DVM, PhD, MRCVS P.F. NETTLETON BVMS, MSc, PhD, MRCVS R.L. COOP BSc, PhD H.W. REID MBE, BVM&S, PhD, DIPTVM, MRCVS W. DONACHIE BSc, PhD, CBiol, FIBiol S.M. RODGER BVMS, PhD, MRCVS J.L. FITZPATRICK BVMS, PhD, FIBiol, DIPECBHM, N.F. SUTTLE BSc, PhD ARAgS, MRCVS K. WILLOUGHBY BVMS, PhD, MRCVS D.C. HENDERSON NCA, BVM&S, FRAgS, MRCVS S.E. WRIGHT BSc Invited contributors R.D. AYLING PhD G. CASTRUCCI DVM Mycoplasma Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Former Director, Institute of Infectious Diseases, (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Schoolof Veterinary Medicine, University of Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy G.J. BAIRD BVM&S, BSc, CertSHP, MRCVS D.A.R. DAVIES BScMA Honorary Senior Fellow, Animal Husbandry Division, SAC Veterinary Services Division, Greycrook, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of St Boswells, Melrose TD6 0EQ Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral T. BARRETT BSc, PhD CH64 7TE Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash M. DE LAS HERAS DVM, PhD, Dipl.ECVP Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF Departmento de Patologia Animal, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miquel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, P. BATES PhD, MIBiol, CBiol, FRES Spain Head of Parasitology Section, Scientific Services Unit, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), New A.I. DONALDSON OBE, MVB, MA, PhD, ScD, Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB DVM&S hc(Edinburgh), HonFRCVS Former Head, Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal G.F. BATH BVSc Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of ProductionAnimal Studies, University of Pretoria, J. EARL BVSc, CertSHP, CertWEL, MRCVS Private Bag X04, Ondestepoort 0110, Republic of Banovallum Veterinary Group, Prospect Street, South Africa Horncastle, Lincs LN9 5AY J. BERRADA DVM, PhD J.R. EGERTON BVSc, DVSc, DipBact Head, Departement de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Emeritus Professor, The University of Sydney, Faculty Maladies Contagieuses, Institut Agronomique et of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570, Veterinaire Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Morocco Australia Contributors ix R.W. ELSE BVSc, PhD, FRCPath, Dipl.ECVP, MRCVS P.D. KIRKLAND BVSc, PhD Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University Head, Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Nr Agricultural Institute, Department of Agriculture, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG PMB 8, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia A. FLÅØYEN DVM, MM, PhD R.P. KITCHING BVetMed, BSc, MSc, PhD, MRCVS National Veterinary Institute, PO Box 8156 Dep., Director, National Centre for Foreign Animal 0033 Oslo, Norway Diseases, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3M4, Canada A.L. GONZÁLEZ DVM, PhD, Dipl.ECVP, MRCVS Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Lasswade, Pentlands C.J. LEWIS BVetMed, DipSHP, MRCVS Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian Fields Farm, Green Lane, Audlem, Cheshire CW3 0ES EH26 0PZ W.J. MCCAUGHEY MVB, MA, MSc, PhD, FRAgS, A. GREIG BVM&S, ARAgS, FRCVS MRCVS Jacobscroft, Innerleith, Cupar, Fife KY15 7UP 19 Cagherty Road, Broughshane, Ballymena, Co. Antrim BT42 4QA R.C. GUMBRELL BVSc, DipMicrobiol, MRCVS 23 Whitwell Way, Coton, Cambridge CB3 2PW I. MCCONNELL BVMS, MA PhD, FRCPath, FRSE, FMedSci, MRCVS D. HENNESSY MSc(Hons), PhD Professor of Veterinary Science, Centre for Veterinary Senior Research Scientist, Veterinary Health Research Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pty Ltd, PO Box 523, Epping, NSW 2121, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Australia Cambridge CB3 0ES J.C. HINDSON BVSc, FRCVS P.E. MCNEIL BVMS, PhD, Dipl.ECVP, ILTM, MRCVS Woodhouse Farm, Hatherleigh, Okehampton, Devon 11 Baronald Drive, Kelvindale, Glasgow G12 0JB EX20 3LL F.E. MALONE MVB, MBA, FRCVS B. D. HOSIE BVM&S, MSc, MRCVS Senior Veterinary Research Officer, Agri-Food and Group Support Manager, SAC Veterinary Services, Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Veterinary Sciences Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Division, 43 Beltany Road, Omagh, Co. Tyrone Midlothian EH26 0QE BT78 5NF F. HOWIE BVMS, MVM, FRCPath, MRCVS R. MEARNS BA, VetMB, CertSHP, MRCVS SAC Veterinary Services Division, Allan Watt Building, Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Penrith, Merrythought, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QE Calthwaite, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 9RR M. JEFFREY BVMS, Dipl.ECVP, DVM, FRCPath, D.J. MELLOR BSc(Hons), PhD, HonASSOC. RCVS Director, Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics MRCVS Veterinary Laboratories Agency – Lasswade, Pentlands Centre, IFNHH, College of Sciences, Massey Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian University, Palmerston North, New Zealand EH26 0PZ G.B.B. MITCHELL BVMS, PhD, ILTM, DEVPC, J.E.T. JONES PhD, FRCPath, FRCVS MRCVS Emeritus Professor, Royal Veterinary College, 19 West Senior Veterinary Investigation Officer, SAC Veterinary Park, London SE9 4RZ Services, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5AE J.E. KENT BSc, MSc V. MOLONY BVSc, MSc, PhD, MRCVS Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH x Contributors R.A.J. NICHOLAS PhD, MSc, MIBiol N.D. SARGISON BA, VetMB, DSHP, FRCVS Mycoplasma Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Large (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Animal Practice, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SG B.I. OSBURNDVM, PhD E.W. SCOTT BVMS, PhD, DipECVPT, MRCVS Dean, Veterinary Medicine Dean’s Office, Home Office, PO Box 6779, Dundee DD1 9WW 112 Surge IV, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA P.R. SCOTT DVM&S, MPhil, DSHP, CertCHP, FRCVS, MIBiol S. PAGE BSc(Vet),BVSc, DVetClinStud, MVetClinStud, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, R(D)SVS, MAppSci(EnvTox), MACVSc University of Edinburgh, Large Animal Practice, Director, Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, PO Box Easter Bush, Roslin EH9 1QH 345, Berry, NSW 2535, Australia R.F. SELLERS MA, BSc, PhD, ScD, CBiol, FIBiol, J. PLANT BVSc, MACVSc, FAVA FRSE, MRCVS Veterinary Specialist (Sheep Medicine), 6 Lisle Court, Former Director, Animal Virus Research Institute, West Pennant Hills, NSW 2125, Australia Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF G.C. PRITCHARD BSc, BVM&S, DVM&S, FRCVS J.M. SHARP, BVMS, PhD, DVM hc(Zaragoza), MRCVS Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Rougham Hill, Bury Head of Pathology, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX Lasswade Laboratory, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ L.A.O. RIBEIRO MV, MVSc, PhD Departamento de Medicina Animal – UFRGS, R.N. SPEDDING BVetMed, MRCVS Faculdade de Veterinaria, Av. Bento Goncalves, Bishopton Veterinary Group, Ripon, North Yorkshire 9090, Porto Alegre/RS, CEP91540, Brazil HG4 2QR A.L. RIDLER BVSc, PhD, MRCVS, MACVSc L.A. STUBBINGS OBE, BScHons Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary Saddletrees, 3 Fullers Close, Aldwincle, Kettering, College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Herts Northants NN14 3UU AL9 7TA A.R. SYKES BSc, PhD, DSc J.J. ROBINSON BSc, PhD, FRSE Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, PO Box 84, SAC, Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9YA W.P. TAYLOR BSc, BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS C.A. ROBLES MV, MSc 54 Greenacres Ring, Angmering, Littlehampton Head Animal Health Unit, National Institute for BN16 4BS Agricultural Technology – INTA, PO Box 277 (8400) Bariloche, Argentina A. UGGLA DVM, PhD, DSc, DipEVPC Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, R. ROSADIO DVM, PhD PO Box 7084, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. J.E. VIPOND BSc, PhD, FRAgS Circunvalacion Cuadra 28, San Borja, Lima, Senior Sheep Specialist, SAC, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Peru Midlothian EH26 0PH M.M. RWEYEMAMU BVSc, PhD, FRCVS G.H. WATKINS BVetMed, PhD, MRCVS Former Head, Infectious Diseases-EMPRES Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Johnstown, Job’s Well FAO of the UN, Rome 00100, Italy Road, Carmarthen, Dyfed SA31 3EZ Contributors xi D.M. WEST BVSc, PhD, FACVS Z. WOLDEHIWET DVM, PhD, DipAgric, MRCVS Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Faculty Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, of Veterinary Science, Leahurst, South Wirral New Zealand CH64 7TE A.C. WINTER BVSc, PhD, DSHP, FRAgS, MRCVS C. WOLF DVM Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Faculty of Veterinary Science, Leahurst, South Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Wirral CH4 7TE MN 55108, USA
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