Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees PDF
Preview Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees
DISEASES OF FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES To T. Small, OBE, DSc (1894-1976) Mycologist to the States of Jersey, 1931-1954 and C. W. T. Young (1920-1981) Pathology Branch, The Forestry Commission, 1955-1981 DISEASES OF FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES SECOND EDITION D H PHILLIPS & DABURDEKIN M ©D. H. Phillips and D. A. Burdekin, 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1992 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First edition published 1982 Second edition published 1992 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi, Dublin, Gaborone, Hamburg, Harare, Hong Kong, Johannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City, Nairobi, New York, Singapore, Tokyo A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-10955-5 ISBN 978-1-349-10953-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10953-1 Contents Preface xiii The colour plates xvi 1 Introduction 1 CAUSES OF DISEASE 1 6 SYMPTOMS: LEA YES 8 SYMPTOMS: STEMS AND BRANCHES SYMPTOMS: ROOTS 11 DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES 11 12 LOSSES AND DAMAGE CAUSED BY DISEASE 13 CONTROL MEASURES 13 PLANT HEALTH FRONTIER LEGISLATION 17 MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF ESTABLISHED DISEASES 2 Disorders caused by nonliving agents 21 21 EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE 28 EFFECTS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE 29 DROUGHT 33 LIGHTNING DAMAGE 34 HAIL DAMAGE 35 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES 39 POOR SOIL AERATION 40 AIR POLLUTION 46 HERBICIDE DAMAGE 49 SALT DAMAGE 51 DAMAGE BY NATURAL GAS 3 Diseases caused by living agents on a wide range of hosts 54 54 DISEASES OF SEEDS AND SEED-BORNE DISEASES 58 NURSERY DISEASES 68 DISEASES OF LEA YES AND SHOOTS 69 DISEASES OF SHOOTS AND STEMS 78 WILT DISEASES 84 ROOT DISEASES MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES 130 4 Diseases of spruce (Picea spp.) 138 138 GENERAL NURSERY DISEASES vi Diseases of forest and ornamental trees SEEDLING AND SHOOT BLIGHTS 138 NURSERY ROOT ROTS 143 NEEDLE DISEASES 143 DIEBACKS AND SHOOT BLIGHTS 147 BRANCH, BARK AND TRUNK DISEASES AND DISORDERS 149 ROOT DISEASES 150 DECAY FUNGI 150 CONE RUSTS 151 VIRUS DISEASES 153 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES 153 5 Diseases of pine (Pinus spp.) 156 GENERAL 156 NURSERY NEEDLE DISEASES 156 POST-NURSERY NEEDLE DISEASES 161 SHOOT BLIGHTS AND DIEBACKS 168 BRANCH AND STEM RUSTS 174 STEM AND BRANCH CANKERS 180 ROOT ROTS 182 HEART ROTS 182 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES 183 6 Diseases of Larch (Larix spp.) 186 GENERAL 186 NURSERY NEEDLE DISEASES 187 POST-NURSERY NEEDLE DISEASES 189 DIEBACKS 191 STEM AND BRANCH DISEASES 191 ROOT DISEASES 195 ROOT AND BUTT ROTS 196 VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 196 7 Diseases of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga spp.) 197 GENERAL 197 NURSERY DISEASES 197 NEEDLE DISEASES 198 DISEASES OF THE TRUNK 202 ROOT DISEASES AND BUTT ROTS 203 8 Diseases of minor forest conifers (Abies, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, Thuja and Tsuga spp.) 204 SILVER FIR 204 GENERAL 204 NURSERY DISEASES 205 NEEDLE DISEASES 205 DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF BRANCHES AND TRUNKS 209 Contents vii 213 ROOT DISEASES AND DECAY FUNGI CYPRESS AND 'FALSE CYPRESS' 213 213 GENERAL 214 NURSERY DISEASES 215 DISEASES OF BRANCHES AND TRUNKS 218 ROOT DISEASES AND DECAY FUNGI RED CEDAR 218 218 GENERAL 219 NURSERY DISEASES 222 STEM DISEASES 222 ROOT AND BUTT ROTS HEMLOCK 222 222 GENERAL 223 NEEDLE DISEASES 223 ROOT AND BUTT ROTS 9 Diseases of other conifers 224 MONKEY PUZZLE, CEDAR, SUGI, MAIDENHAIR TREE AND JUNIPER 224 225 NURSERY DISEASES 227 NEEDLE DISEASES 229 DIEBACKS AND TWIG BLIGHTS 229 STEM RUSTS 235 ROOT AND BUTT ROTS THE INCENSE CEDARS, DAWN REDWOOD, REDWOOD AND WELLINGTONIA 235 236 GENERAL 236 NURSERY DISEASES 236 NEEDLE DISORDERS 236 DIEBACKS 237 BRANCH GALLS 238 ROOT AND BUTT ROTS YEW 238 238 GENERAL 238 NEEDLE DISEASES 239 BRANCH CANKER AND DIEBACK 239 ROOT DISEASES 239 DECAY AND HEART ROT 10 Diseases of Oak (Quercus spp.) 241 241 GENERAL 244 NURSERY LEAF DISEASES 247 NURSERY DISEASES OF BARK AND SHOOTS 248 NURSERY ROOT DISEASES 250 POST-NURSERY LEAF DISEASES 252 POST-NURSERY DISEASES OF LEAVES AND SHOOTS viii Diseases of forest and ornamental trees 253 POST-NURSERY DISEASES OF BARK AND SHOOTS 256 POST-NURSERY DISEASES OF ROOT AND BUTT 257 DECAY FUNGI 258 VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 258 DECAY IN ACORNS 11 Diseases of beech (Fagus sylvatica) 259 259 GENERAL 260 SEEDLING BLIGHT AND DAMPING OFF 261 LEAF DISEASES 262 CANKER, DIEBACK AND BARK DISEASES 271 VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 271 DECAY FUNGI 12 Diseases of Sweet Chestnut (Castanea spp.) 273 273 GENERAL: POWDERY MILDEWS 273 LEAF DISEASES 274 DISEASES OF SHOOTS AND STEMS 280 DISEASES OF ROOTS 282 DECAY FUNGI 283 NUT ROTS 13 Diseases of ash (Fraxinus spp.), birch (Betula spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.) 284 ASH 284 284 GENERAL 284 LEAF DISEASES DISEASES OF BARK AND SHOOTS 285 289 VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 289 DECAY FUNGI BIRCH 289 290 GENERAL 290 NURSERY LEAF DISEASES POST-NURSERY LEAF DISEASES 291 DISEASES OF SHOOTS 292 294 DISEASES OF FRUITS AND SEEDS VIRUS DISEASES 294 DECAY FUNGI 294 ALDER 295 295 GENERAL 295 LEAF DISEASES DISEASES OF SHOOTS 297 DISEASES OF CATKINS 298 DECAY FUNGI 298 Contents ix 14 Diseases of elm (Ulmus spp.) 299 299 GENERAL 299 LEAF DISEASES 301 DIEBACKS AND CANKERS 302 WILT DISEASES 314 VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 314 ROOT ROT AND DECAY FUNGI 15 Diseases of sycamore and maple (Acer spp.) 315 315 SEEDLING BLIGHT 315 LEAF DISEASES 323 DISEASES OF THE BARK AND TRUNK 327 WILT DISEASES 327 ROOT DISEASES 327 VIRUS DISEASES 327 ROOT ROT AND DECAY FUNGI 16 Diseases of Poplar (Populus spp.) 329 329 NURSERY DISEASES: GENERAL 329 NURSERY DISEASES OF BARK AND SHOOTS 336 LEAF DISEASES 347 DISEASES OF TWIGS, BRANCHES AND STEMS 354 DISEASES OF CATKINS 354 VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES 357 DECAY FUNGI 17 Diseases of Willow (Salix spp.) 358 358 LEAF DISEASES 361 DISEASES OF LEAVES AND SHOOTS 371 WILT DISEASES 375 DECAY FUNGI 18 Diseases of wild and ornamental rosaceous trees 376 376 HAWTHORN 376 LEAF DISEASES 378 DISEASES OF LEAY ES AND SHOOTS 379 BACTERIAL WILTS 380 VIRUS DISEASES 380 DECAY FUNGI APPLE AND PEAR 380 380 LEAF DISEASES 382 SHOOT DISEASES 383 DISEASES OF FRUITS 383 VIRUS DISEASES 384 ROOT AND DECAY FUNGI 384 OTHER DISEASES
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