Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalypts

604 Pages·2000·30.021 MB·English

by  CSIRO Publishing.;Keane, P. J.;Keane, PJ

Diseases and Pathogens of
EUCALYPTS
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr Geoffrey Charles Marks (1932–90)
who, after 27 years of experience as a Forest Pathologist with the Victorian
Government and as a teacher of Forest Pathology at the University of Melbourne,
saw the need for such a book. He initiated its writing and undertook the initial
planning of its structure and authorship.
Geoff was born in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) and was an outstanding athlete
and scholar, representing his country as a swimmer at the Helsinki Olympics and
completing an honours degree in science at the University of Ceylon, followed by
an MSc (1961) and PhD (1963) while on a Rockefeller Foundation Scholarship at
the University of Wisconsin. He took up his appointment with the then Forests
Commission of Victoria in Melbourne in 1963 and thereafter was involved in the
study of eucalypt diseases, being a central participant in the initial studies of
dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in Victorian eucalypt forests. He also initiated early studies on
the eucalypt leaf pathogen, Mycosphaerella, in southern Australia.
His keen intellect, enlightened attitudes, great enthusiasm and curiosity, waspish good humour and propensity
to provoke critical discussion inspired colleagues and led to fruitful collaborations with many people.
He developed a deep appreciation of the eucalypt forests of his adopted country, and from this grew his keen
understanding of their ecology and pathology. He conducted wide ranging field studies on many aspects of
forest pathology and greatly enjoyed field trips to investigate disease problems in the diverse forests of
Victoria, tirelessly speculating about the complex causes of the diseases and planning experimental studies
with whomever was fortunate enough to accompany him. While returning home from one of these long trips
to the forests of eastern Victoria he was seriously injured in a car accident. He showed great courage in
recovery, and never lost his enthusiasm, expressed at the time by his delight in initiating and planning this
book. He was not destined to see this work to fruition as he died suddenly in August 1990. Vale, Geoff.
We hope this book has not fallen too far short of your vision.
Title
Diseases and Pathogens of
E U CA LY P T S
P. J. Keane, G. A. Kile, F. D. Podger and B. N. Brown (Editors)
© CSIRO 2000
All rights reserved. Except under the conditions described in the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent
amendments, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, duplicating or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the copyright owner. Contact CSIRO PUBLISHING for all permission requests.
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Diseases and pathogens of eucalypts.
Bibliography.
Includes index.
ISBN 0 643 06523 7 (paperback).
ISBN 0 643 09012 6 (eBook).
1. Eucalyptus – Diseases and pests – Australia.
I. Keane, Philip J.
634.9737660994
This book is available from:
CSIRO PUBLISHING
PO Box 1139 (150 Oxford Street)
Collingwood VIC 3066
Australia
Tel: [phone]Int: +(613) 9662 7666
Fax: [phone]Int: +(613) 9662 7555
Email: [email protected]
http://www.publish.csiro.au
Typeset by Desktop Concepts P/L, Melbourne
Printed in Australia by Brown Prior Anderson
Cover photographs
Upper: Crown decline typical of that observed in trees of Eucalyptus obliqua and E. regnans affected by
regrowth dieback and Armillaria.
Lower: Crinkle leaf caused by Mycosphaerella cryptica on tip leaves of a seedling of Eucalyptus obliqua.
Publication of this book was supported by a grant from the Standing Committee on Forestry of the Australian
Ministerial Council on Forestry, Fisheries and Aquaculture.
C O N T E N T S
Preface xiii
Contributors xvi
Section I: The Eucalypts—Their Importance, Diversity and Biology
1 Economic and Social Importance of Eucalypts 1
J.W. Turnbull
Summary 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Eucalypts in native forests 2
1.3 Eucalypts as exotics 3
1.4 Industrial eucalypt plantations 4
1.5 Eucalypts in the rural landscape 5
1.6 Conclusion 7
1.7 References 7
2 Morphology, Phylogeny, Origin, Distribution and Genetic Diversity
of the Eucalypts 11
B.M. Potts and L.A. Pederick
Summary 11
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Morphology 12
2.3 Phylogeny 14
2.4 Origins 16
2.5 Distribution 18
2.6 Hybridisation 21
2.7 Genetic variation 23
2.8 Genetic variation in susceptibility to disease 24
2.9 Factors affecting disease risk in plantations 26
2.10 Acknowledgments 27
2.11 References 27
v
D I S E A S E S A N D P A T H O G E N S O F E U C A L Y P T S
3 Growth Habits and Silviculture of Eucalypts 35
R.G. Florence
Summary 35
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Growth habits of the eucalypts 36
3.3 Sivicultural practice in natural forests 38
3.4 Ecologically sustainable silviculture 40
3.5 New directions in silviculture 42
3.6 Eucalypt plantations 43
3.7 Conclusion 44
3.8 References 44
4 Ecology of Eucalypt Regeneration 47
D.H. Ashton
Summary 47
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Characteristics of eucalypts in relation to their regeneration 50
4.3 Conditions required for regeneration 51
4.4 Major modes of regeneration 51
4.5 In synthesis—the strategies of survival 58
4.6 References 59
5 Physiology of Eucalypts in Relation to Disease 61
C.L. Beadle
Summary 61
5.1 Introduction 62
5.2 Productivity and light interception 62
5.3 Biomass production, partitioning of dry mass and foliage 63
5.4 Gas exchange and stomatal conductance 64
5.5 Water relations 66
5.6 Conclusion 68
5.7 References 68
6 Mycorrhizas of Eucalypts 71
G.A. Chilvers
Summary 71
6.1 Introduction 72
6.2 Structure of eucalypt mycorrhizas 73
6.3 Functioning of mycorrhizas 74
6.4 The fungal partners of eucalypts 83
6.5 Mycorrhizal infection cycles 86
6.6 Ecology of mycorrhizas 87
6.7 Manipulating eucalypt mycorrhizas 90
6.8 References 94
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C O N T E N T S
Section II: The Diseases of Eucalypts—Their Causes and Biology
7 Diseases and Fungi of the Reproductive Structures of Eucalypts 103
B.N. Brown
Summary 103
7.1 Introduction 104
7.2 Fungi of flowers and capsules and their pathogenicity 104
7.3 Seed fungi of eucalypts 106
7.4 Control of seed fungi 114
7.5 Conclusion 115
7.6 References 115
8 Disease during Propagation of Eucalypts 119
B.N. Brown and F.A. Ferreira
Summary 119
8.1 Introduction 120
8.2 Diseases with abiotic causes 120
8.3 Fungal diseases 121
8.4 Principal diseases of eucalypt cuttings 143
8.5 Conclusion 143
8.6 References 143
9 Fungal Diseases of Eucalypt Foliage 153
R.F. Park, P.J. Keane, M.J. Wingfield and P.W. Crous
Summary 153
9.1 Introduction 154
9.2 Target spot (Aulographina eucalypti) 155
9.3 Leaf spot, leaf blotch and crinkle leaf blight (Mycosphaerella species) 163
9.4 Biotrophic infections 175
9.5 Powdery mildews (Oidium species) 191
9.6 Eucalypt rust (Puccinia psidii) 191
9.7 Angular, vein-limited leaf spots 193
9.8 White leaf and shoot blight (Sporothrix pitereka ) 206
9.9 Winter leaf spot (Piggotia substellata and Ceuthospora innumera) 206
9.10 Leaf spots and speckles of minor importance 210
9.11 Leaf spots and blights of stressed plants 218
9.12 Conclusion 227
9.13 Acknowledgments 230
9.14 References 230
10 Canker Diseases of Eucalypts 241
K.M. Old and E.M. Davison
Summary 241
10.1 Introduction 242
10.2 Fungal invasion and host responses 242
10.3 Effect of plant stress on the development of cankers 244
10.4 Major canker diseases of eucalypts 245
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D I S E A S E S A N D P A T H O G E N S O F E U C A L Y P T S
10.5 Opportunistic pathogens associated with cankers in eucalypts 248
10.6 Conclusion 252
10.7 Acknowledgments 252
10.8 References 253
11 Diseases of Eucalypts Caused by Soilborne Species of Phytophthora
and Pythium 259
B.L. Shearer and I.W. Smith
Summary 259
11.1 Introduction 260
11.2 Origin of the pathogens 261
11.3 Host range 261
11.4 Distribution patterns and effect of disease 262
11.5 Host–pathogen interactions 264
11.6 Pathogenicity of Pythiaceae on eucalypts 267
11.7 Effects of disease on wood production and conservation values 269
11.8 Pathogen dynamics 272
11.9 Resistance mechanisms 280
11.10 Effects of environment on disease development in established infections 282
11.11 Conclusion 284
11.12 Acknowledgment 284
11.13 References 284
12 Woody Root Rots of Eucalypts 293
G.A. Kile
Summary 293
12.1 Introduction 294
12.2 Armillaria root disease 294
12.3 Pseudophaeolus root disease 300
12.4 Ganoderma root rot 301
12.5 Other woody root diseases 301
12.6 Conclusion 302
12.7 References 303
13 Stem and Butt Rot of Eucalypts 307
G.A. Kile and G.C. Johnson
Summary 307
13.1 Introduction 308
13.2 Causal organisms and hosts 308
13.3 The decay process 323
13.4 Factors affecting decay development 327
13.5 Particular heart rots and stem conditions 331
13.6 Conclusion 332
13.7 Acknowledgments 333
13.8 References 333
viii
C O N T E N T S
14 Diseases of Eucalypts Associated with Viruses, Phytoplasmas,
Bacteria and Nematodes 339
T.J. Wardlaw, G.A. Kile and J.C. Dianese
Summary 339
14.1 Introduction 340
14.2 Virus-like diseases 340
14.3 Diseases associated with phytoplasmas 341
14.4 Diseases caused by bacteria 343
14.5 Diseases associated with nematodes 346
14.6 Conclusion 348
14.7 References 349
15 Mistletoes and other Phanerogams Parasitic on Eucalypts 353
N. Reid and Z. Yan
Summary 353
15.1 Introduction 354
15.2 Mistletoes parasitic on eucalypts 354
15.3 Native cherries parasitic on eucalypts 375
15.4 Dodder-laurels parasitic on eucalypts 377
15.5 Acknowledgments 378
15.6 References 378
16 Nutritional Disorders and other Abiotic Stresses of Eucalypts 385
P. Snowdon
Summary 385
16.1 Introduction 386
16.2 Diagnosis 386
16.3 Nutrient deficiencies 386
16.4 Toxicities 395
16.5 Water as an abiotic factor 398
16.6 Frost 400
16.7 Artificial environments 401
16.8 Miscellaneous abnormalities 402
16.9 Conclusion 402
16.10 References 403
17 Eucalypt Diseases of Complex Etiology 411
K.M. Old
Summary 411
17.1 Introduction 412
17.2 Etiology of diebacks and declines 412
17.3 Diebacks of native forests and woodlands 414
17.4 Forest diebacks associated with drought 414
17.5 Forest diebacks associated with successional changes 416
17.6 Forest and woodland diebacks associated with chronic insect herbivory 416
17.7 Plantation diseases of complex etiology 421
ix