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Diseases and Disorders: A Nursing Therapeutics Manual PDF

998 Pages·2006·9.5 MB·English
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DISEASES AND DISORDERS A Nursing Therapeutics Manual THIRD EDITION Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Tih s page le tf ietn itn oan ll y lb akn . Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. DISEASES AND DISORDERS A Nursing Therapeutics Manual THIRD EDITION Marilyn Sawyer Sommers, RN, PhD, FAAN Professor University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Susan A. Johnson, RN, PhD Program Director & Associate Professor College of Mount St. Joseph Cincinnati, Ohio Theresa A. Beery, PhD, RN Associate Professor University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 www fadavis.com Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis Company Copyright © 2007, 2002, 1997 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This book is pro- tected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Acquisitions Editor: Joanne P. DaCunha, RN, MSN Developmental Editor: Kristin L. Kern Design Manager: Carolyn O’Brien As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recom- mended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The author(s) and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and con- traindications before administering any drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sommers, Marilyn Sawyer. Diseases and disorders : a nursing therapeutics manual / Marilyn Sawyer Sommers, Susan A. Johnson, Theresa A. Beery.—3rd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8036-1337-9 ISBN-10: 0-8036-1337-7 1. Nursing—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Nursing diagnosis—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Therapeutics—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Johnson, Susan A. II. Beery, Theresa A. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Care—methods—Handbooks. 2. Nursing Process—Handbooks. WY 49 S697da 2007] RT51.S66 2007 610.73—dc22 2006019341 Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users registered with the Copyright Clear- ance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 8036–0811/ 02 0 ⫹ $.10. Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Dedication To my girls- Marilyn, Melissa, Abigail, and Sophia- with love MSS To Ian, Tara, Shannon, Courtney, Michael, Abigail, and Morgan…you bring much love, joy and pride to our family. And to all the nursing students I have encountered…many thanks for all the lessons you have taught me. May you always strive to make a difference in others, in the profession, and in yourself. SAJ To my dear husband, delightful children and extraordinary grandchildren. You bring me so much joy! TAB v Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Tih s page le tf ietn itn oan ll y lb akn . Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Preface The first and second editions of this book were conceived to provide distilled, up-to-date infor- mation to nursing students and staff nurses about many conditions and diagnoses encountered in nursing practice. With the third edition, we have responded to the ever-changing health care environment as well as to the recommendations of our readers and editors. We have held true to our initial purpose in this third edition: to provide a ready source of information for nurses in a time of short staffing, brief lengths of stay, and increasing patient acuity in the hospital, in nurs- ing homes, in rehabilitation centers, and in the home. We have also responded to the ever- increasing need for nurses to understand the scientific basis of their practice by augmenting the pathophysiology sections that were in the past two editions. Perhaps the most significant addition to the third edition is a section entitled Genetic Con- siderations. Since the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, the health care disci- plines are beginning to understand the enormous significance of the human genome sequence, which provides foundational information that shows us how genes and proteins work together to promote human health. This section of the book assists practitioners to consider how the genetic basis of disease is related to environmental factors in health and disease, and how disease sus- ceptibility, detection of illness, and drug response are related to people’s genetic make-up. We are indebted to co-author Dr. Terry Beery for the development of the genetic information con- tained in this edition. As in the first edition, we have included relevant information about Gender and Life Span Considerations, and have enhanced this section with information about racial and ethnic differ- ences in health and disease. As our society has an ever-increasing diversity, we have developed this section so that practitioners have a basis from which to develop culturally competent care. Each entry begins with the Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) category. DRGs were initiated by the Health Care Financing Administration to serve as an organizing framework to group- related conditions and to stabilize reimbursements. Because they provide a convenient standard to evaluate hospital care, DRGs are used by institutions and disciplines to measure utilization and to allocate resources. We have included DRGs to indicate the expected norms in average length of stay for each entry. Each entry follows the nursing process, with assessment informa- tion incorporated in the History and Physical Assessment sections, the Psychosocial Assess- ment, and Diagnostic Highlights. Based on requests from our readers and reviewers, we have supplemented information on diagnostic testing from earlier editions to provide normal and abnormal values for the most important diagnostic tests. We have also added a section to explain the rationale for the test. These detailed, specific sections provide the foundation needed to per- form a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s condition so that a Primary Nursing Diag- nosis can be formulated appropriate to the patient’s specific needs. The Planning and Imple- mentation section is divided into Collaborative and Independent interventions. The intent of the Collaborative section is to detail the goals of a multidisciplinary plan of care to manage the condition or disease. As in the second edition, there is an expanded section on Pharmacologic Highlights that explores commonly used drugs, their doses, mechanisms of action, and ratio- nales for use. The Independent section focuses on independent nursing interventions that demonstrate the core of the art and science of nursing. Each entry then finishes with Documen- tation Guidelines and Discharge and Home Healthcare Guidelines to help nurses evaluate the outcomes of care and to prepare hospitalized patients for discharge. As with the first and second editions, the idea for the book originated with Joanne Patzek DaCunha, Publisher at F.A. Davis. The authors salute her creativity, perseverance, enthusiasm, and vision. More importantly, her gracious friendship and support enabled us to accomplish this vii Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. viii Preface revision with a minimum of difficulty. We also owe a debt of gratitude to Jeff Sommers for his assistance with manuscript development, editing, proofreading, and supportive cheerleading. Finally we acknowledge with gratitude the hard work that a host of contributors made to the first edition. The entire reason to revise this book is to provide practicing nurses a concise and yet scien- tifically sound text to guide the professional practice of nursing. The provision of nursing care in the 21st century presents us with overwhelming challenges, and yet nursing is the discipline of choice for millions of practitioners. We hope this book honors the science of nursing and makes it easier to practice the art of nursing. MSS Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis. Consultants Dianne V. Benton, RN, MS Anne Pithan, RN, MSN Instructor, Senior Level Medical- Nursing Faculty Surgical Nursing St. Luke’s College of Nursing Louise Obici School of Nursing Sioux City, Iowa Suffolk, Virginia Sylvia J. Sheffler, RN, DNSc Barbara Dunn, RN, MSN Associate Professor Professor, Nursing Delaware State University New Hampshire Technical Institute Dover, Delaware Concord, New Hampshire Susan Wilkinson, RN, MSN, PhD(c) Mary Taylor Martof, RN, EdD Professional Specialist Associate Professor Department of Nursing Louisiana State Health Sciences Angelo State University Center San Angelo, Texas New Orleans, Louisiana Christine C. Mihal, RN, MSN Lecturer of Nursing Associate Director of Baccalaureate Nursing Fairleigh Dickinson University Teaneck, New Jersey ix Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

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