Disease maps epidemics on the ground

344 Pages·2011·16.276 MB·English

by  Tom Koch

disease maps
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page i Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page i
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page ii
Disease
maps
epidemics on the Ground
Tom Koch
the uNiveRsity oF chicago pRess / chicago aND LoNDoN
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page ii Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page iii
Tom Koch (http://kochworks.com) is a writer, researcher,
and public speaker in bioethics, disability studies, geron-
tology, medical geography, and public health. He holds
an interdisciplinary doctorate (geography, medicine, and
philosophy) and is adjunct professor of geography at the
University of British Columbia. He is the author of more
than three hundred articles and thirteen books, including
Cartographies of Disease (2005).
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 2011 by Tom Koch
All rights reserved. Published 2011
Printed in the United States of America
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-44935-7 (cloth)
ISBN-10: 0-226-44935-1 (cloth)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Koch, Tom, 1949–
Disease maps : epidemics on the ground / Tom Koch.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-44935-7 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-226-44935-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Medical mapping—History. 2. Medical geography—
Maps. 3. Medical geography—Methodology.
4. Epidemics—History. 5. Cholera—History. I. Title.
RA792.5.K633 2010
614.4’2—dc22
2010008809
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of the American National Standard for
Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992.
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page iv
contents
List of Illustrations vii
part i. the idea that is disease
1 Moving Forward: Cartographies of Disease 1
2 Mapping Symptoms, Making Disease 8
3 Body and World: The Sixteenth Century 30
4 Disease in Cities: The Neighborhoods of Plague 48
5 The Yellow Fever Thing 72
part ii. cholera: the exemplar
6 “Asiatic Cholera”: India and Then the World 95
7 Bureaucratic Cholera 118
8 John Snow’s Cholera 142
9 South London Choleras: William Farr, John Snow, and John Simon 164
10 Choleric Broad Street: The Neighborhood Disease 192
11 Cholera, the Exemplar 216
part iii. the leGacy and its Future
12 Cancer as Cholera 245
Afterword 275
Acknowledgments 281 Notes 295
Notes on the Illustrations 283 Works Cited and Consulted 307
Illustration Credits 293 Index 323
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page iv Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page v
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page vi
illustrations
1.1 Death sketch of a cholera victim / 3
1.2 Death sketch of a male cholera victim / 3
1.3 Death sketch of a cholera victim / 3
1.4 London Board of Health physicians “hunting” for cholera / 6
2.1 Gould’s maps of AIDS in the United States / 9
2.2 Map of West Nile virus in the United States in 2000 / 11
2.3 Map of the projected effects of a late-stage influenza pandemic / 11
2.4 Map of the spread of H1N1 virus via travelers / 15
2.5A–E Maps of West Nile virus in humans in the United States / 17
2.6A–D Maps of a diarrheic outbreak in Greater Vancouver / 20–21
2.7A–C Analysis of a diarrhea outbreak in Greater Vancouver / 23
2.8 Where is it? What is it? / 27
2.9 What do we do about it? / 28
3.1A–B Vesalius, De Humani Corporis Fabrica / 32–33
3.2 Skeleton at desk from De Humani Corporis Fabrica / 35
3.3 Detail of torso from De Humani Corporis Fabrica / 35
3.4 Skeleton in landscape from De Humani Corporis Fabrica / 36
3.5 Double cordiform world map, 1536 / 38
3.6A–B Ortelius’s Theatrum Orbis Terrarum / 40, 42
3.7A–B London, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1584 / 43–44
4.1 Merchant, Holbein’s Death of Death, 1538 / 50
4.2 Ox cart, Holbein’s Death of Death, 1538 / 50
4.3 Map of Italy from Ortelius’s atlas / 52
4.4 Arrieta’s first map of plague in Bari, 1690 / 53
4.5A–B Arrieta’s second map of plague in Bari, 1690 / 55–56
4.6 Arrieta’s plague: diagram of thinking / 57
4.7 A woodblock print of Thomas Sydenham / 59
4.8 The 1667 Bill of Mortality / 65
4.9A–C The Faithorne-Newcourt map of London, 1658 / 66, 68, 71
vii
5.1 Title page of William Hillary’s Observations, 1759 / 75
5.2 Mathew Carey, temperature records, 1793 / 76
5.3 Playfair’s table of British–West Indies trade, 1786 / 78
5.4 Title page of Mathew Carey’s A Short Account of the Malignant Fever, 1793 / 79
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page vi Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page vii
5.5 Burial records from Philadelphia / 81
5.6 Valentine Seaman’s map of yellow fever, New York / 83
5.7 Valentine Seaman’s map of odiferous sites, New York, 1798 / 85
5.8 Pascalis’s map of yellow fever, New York, 1819 / 88
6.1 Jameson’s index map of cholera in India, 1819 / 97
6.2A–B Brierre de Boismont’s map of cholera in Poland, 1831 / 99–100
6.3A–B Hamett’s map of cholera in Dantzick, ca. 1831 / 102
6.4A–B Lancet map of cholera diffusion, 1831 / 105, 107
6.5 Schnurrer’s world map of cholera, 1831 / 109
6.6A–B Christie’s map of cholera, 1817–1830 / 111
6.7A–B Corbyn’s map of cholera in India, 1832 / 113
6.8A–B Brigham’s world map of cholera, 1832 / 114–115
7.1 British postal reform map, 1838 / 121
7.2 Postal reform map, London area / 122
7.3 London boroughs, 1832 / 124
7.4 London registration districts, 1851 / 125
7.5 Reese’s map of cholera in New York, 1832 / 126
7.6 Sources of cholera in New York / 128
7.7A–B Cholera in Rouen, France, 1833 / 129–130
7.8 Grainger’s map of cholera in Hamburg, 1832 / 131
7.9A–B Chadwick’s map of poverty and disease in Leads, 1844 / 132–133
7.10 Grainger’s map of cholera in metropolitan London, 1849 / 134
7.11A Petermann’s cholera maps, England, 1848 / 137
7.11B–C Petermann’s cholera map of London / 138–139
7.12 John Lea’s map of cholera on a street in Cincinnati, 1848 / 140
8.1 London Sewer Commission grid map, 1850 / 145
8.2A–B Wyld’s London Sewer Commission map, 1850 / 146
8.3 Portrait of John Snow / 148
8.4A–B Schematic of cholera at Albion Terrace, 1849 / 150
8.5 Shapter’s epidemic curve of cholera in Exeter / 156
8.6A–B Shapter’s map of 1830s cholera in Exeter, 1849 / 157, 159
8.7 Portrait of William Farr / 162
9.1 Portrait of John Sutherland / 165
9.2 Title page of William Farr’s cholera study, 1852 / 166
9.3 Farr’s chart of cholera, diarrhea, and climate / 168
9.4 Farr’s map of cholera in England, 1849 / 170
9.5 Farr’s coxcomb of mortality and temperature / 171
9.6A–B Metropolitan London “table-map” of cholera variables / 173, 175
9.7A–B Farr’s “map-diagram” of cholera and altitude / 177–178
viii 9.8 The inverse relationship between altitude and mortality / 179
9.9A–C Snow’s map of South London water company catchments, 1855 / 183–184
9.10 Snow’s summary calculations / 186
9.11 Portrait of John Simon / 187
Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page viii
9.12 Simon’s coarse findings / 189
9.13 Graph of Simon’s fine-grained findings / 189
9.14 Snow’s analysis of Simon’s data, 1856 / 191
10.1A–B St. James Parish, 1720 / 194
10.2 Whitehead’s first cholera map, 1854 / 196
10.3 Map of St. Luke Parish boundaries and cholera activity, 1854 / 198
10.4 John Snow’s map of cholera in St. James and vicinity, 1855 / 201
10.5 Snow’s polygon centered on the Broad St. Pump / 202
10.6 Cooper’s cholera map / 205
10.7A–B Whitehead’s second map of cholera, 1855 / 206, 208
10.8 Cholera in Columbia, Pennsylvania / 212
10.9 Acland’s map of cholera in Oxford / 213
10.10 Portrait of Reverend Henry Whitehead / 215
11.1 Sedgwick’s map of Broad Street cholera, 1901 / 217
11.2 Frost’s graph of typhoid fever incidence, 1910 / 219
11.3 Frost’s map of typhoid fever in Williamson, West Virginia / 220
11.4 Hamilton’s map of typhoid fever in Chicago, 1903 / 222
11.5 Hamilton’s map of typhoid fever in the Nineteenth Ward, Chicago / 223
11.6 Frost’s map of polio in Mason City, Iowa, 1910 / 225
11.7 Frost’s map of polio in school district 8, Mason City, Iowa / 226
11.8 Frost’s map of the spread of polio in Iowa, 1910 / 227
11.9 A GIS map with original map spatially adjusted beneath it / 235
11.10 A GIS map of pest-field and sewer analysis / 236
11.11A Map of cholera mortality in Broad Street’s central service areas / 238
11.11B Map of relation of old plague burial site and sewer lines, 1850s / 238
12.1 Haviland’s geographical distribution of cancer / 247
12.2 Haviland’s geographical distribution of diseases / 248
12.3A–B Power’s map of cancer in a British Village / 249–250
12.4 Arnaudet’s map of cancer in the French village of Cormeilles / 251
12.5 Green’s map of cancer in the region of Leyburn / 253
12.6 Green’s map of cancer in a neighborhood / 254
12.7 Green’s map of a proposed correlation between cancer and air quality / 255
s
12.8 Cancer intensity dot map / 257 oN
12.9 Stock’s cancer tables / 259 ati
R
12.10A Stock’s map of all cancers reported in British registration districts / 260 t
s
u
12.10B Stock’s map of lung cancer in England, 1920–1930 / 262 L
L
12.11 Howe’s map of tracheal, lung, bronchial cancer / 264 F i
o
12.12 U.S. oral and esophageal cancer in women, 1950–1969 / 266 t
s
12.13 Sunlight and cancer, 1980–2006 / 269 Li
12.14 Cancer and Vitamin D / 270 ix
13.1 Cholera tramples all, from McLean’s magazine, 1832 / 278

Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page viii Koch / Disease Maps – FiNaL LaseRs – 1/18/10 – page ix