Disease and Urbanization

184 Pages·2022·9.183 MB·English

by  E. J. Clegg, J. P. Garlick

ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
HEALTH, DISEASE & SOCIETY
Volume 11
DISEASE AND
URBANIZATION

DISEASE AND
URBANIZATION
Edited by
E. J. CLEGG and J. P. GARLICK
First published in 1980 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
This edition first published in 2022
by Routledge
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© 1980 Taylor & Francis Ltd.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-367-52469-2 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-032-25316-9 (Volume 11) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-25318-3 (Volume 11) (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-28266-2 (Volume 11) (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003282662
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reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies
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DISEASE
AND
URBANIZATION
Edited by
E. J. CLEGG and J. P. GARLICK
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
LONDON
1980
First published 1980 by Taylor & Francis Ltd, 10-14 Macklin Street,
London WC2B 5NF
© 1980 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Taylor & Francis (Printers) Ltd,
Rankine Road, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG24 OPR.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owner.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Disease and urbanization.-(Society for the Study of
Human Biology. Symposia; vol. 20 ISStf 0081-153X)
1. Environmentally induced diseases-Congresses
2. Medical geography-Congresses
3. Social medicine-Congresses
I. Clegg, Edward John II. Garlick, James Patton
616.071 RB152
ISBN 0-85066-190-0
CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN DENGUE HAEMOR-
RHAGIC FEVER 1
W. W. MACDONALD
FROM MALARIA ERADICATION TO MALARIA
CONTROL 13
L. J. BRUCE-CHWATT
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN GASTROENTERITIS 21
M. G. M. ROWLAND & R. A. E. BARRELL
NUTRITION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 37
D. C. MORLEY
MODELLING THE TRANSMISSION OF RABIES 45
P. ARMITAGE
URBANIZATION AND STRESS 55
G. A. HARRISON
THE ECOLOGY OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE 73
C. H. STUART-HARRIS
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN
NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND 93
D. I. SHEPHERD & A. W. DOWNIE
INTERNATIONAL AND URBAN-RURAL VARIATION
IN CANCER 107
O. M. JENSEN
AFFLUENCE, URBANIZATION AND CORONARY
HEART DISEASE 127
M. G. MARMOT
SOCIAL CLASS AND DISEASE 145
R. A. CARTWRIGHT
AUTHOR INDEX 159
SUBJECT INDEX 167
V

PREFACE
In this book we focus attention on selected aspects of disease
ecology, which can be resolved into a series of 'contrasts': urban/rural;
temperate/tropical; and affluent/poor. In addition to these socio-
geographical dichotomies, almost inevitably a further one appears,
not an ecological but a nosological one—that between infectious
(usually acute) and non-infectious (usually chronic) disease. This
dichotomy largely accounts for the temperate/tropical and af-
fluent/poor contrasts and also makes a major contribution to the
urban/rural one. Thus, the first group of contributions is concerned
largely with infectious disease in rural/tropical/poor societies and the
second with the often antithetical combination of chronic disease in
urban/temperate/affluent populations.
Not surprisingly, the state of knowledge of the ecology and
epidemiology of many diseases falling in the first category is rather
poor, although our understanding is constantly increasing. In simple
societies living in environments with marked seasonal variation in
temperature, rainfall and insolation, environmental pressures fluctuate
markedly over the year, and when these variables interact with levels
of nutrition varying within or between societies from the more than
adequate to the less than inadequate, the complexity of interactions is
very great and almost impossible to quantify. However, from the
point of view of rational and successful prevention, if it is possible to
identify the susceptible links in the chain of transmission of disease
from one individual to another, the remaining ecological complexities
may be of only minor importance, especially where transmissions can
be reduced below critical levels by relatively simple control measures.
Thus, for many of these diseases the importance of such simple
measures as, for example, satisfactory levels of nutrition, adequate
supplies of good water, and improved standards of hygiene, both
personal and in food preparation, seem to be of the greatest
importance. Where disease is vector-borne, the eradication or at least
the control of vectors gives hope for the future, providing that the
basic necessity is met of an adequate administrative and educational
infrastructure on which can be based effective programmes of
preventive medicine.
vii