Discrete Optimization in Architecture: Building Envelope

124 Pages·2017·12.124 MB·English

by  Machi Zawidzki (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
AND TECHNOLOGY
Machi Zawidzki
Discrete
Optimization
in Architecture
Building Envelope
123
SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design
and Technology
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Singapore
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Machi Zawidzki
Discrete Optimization
in Architecture
Building Envelope
123
Machi Zawidzki
MIT
Cambridge, MA
USA
ISSN 2199-580X ISSN 2199-5818 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inArchitectural Designand Technology
ISBN978-981-10-1390-4 ISBN978-981-10-1391-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1391-1
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In memoriam Prof. Witold Kosiński
Preface
This book concerns itself with the building envelope (BE), which besides the size
and proportionsof abuilding isthemost apparentaesthetic qualityinarchitecture.
The book is divided into three parts. Part I briefly introduces the concept of an
Intelligent Building Envelope, while Part II presents the dynamic cellular
automaton-based shading system (CASS) for BEs. The book also addresses the
optimization of CASS with graph-theoretic and heuristic algorithms. The opti-
mization criteria include the “grayness” monotonicity, and pattern distribution
error, which respectively represent the level of control over the cellular automaton
(CA)pattern,andtheuniformityoftheCApatternoveranentirearrayofcells.The
robustness of CASS and various types of prototypes are also discussed. Part III
presents an algorithm for creating selective static solar shading for free-form
apertures of a free-form building.
This book presents results of the research titled: “Effective computational
methods forgridandraster-basedmodelingofpracticalproblemsinarchitectural
and urban design” conducted from December 2013 to November 2015 under the
Singapore University of Technology & Design and Massachusetts Institute of
Technology Postdoctoral Program.
Warsaw, Poland Machi Zawidzki
July 2016
vii
Contents
Part I What is Building Envelope?
1 The Skin of a Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 The Role of Daylighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 The Outside View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Smart Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Comparison with Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 The Arab World Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Part II Dynamic Shading
2 Cellular Automaton-Based Shading System (CASS). . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Why Cellular Automata to Drive Shading
of a Building Envelope?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Are Cellular Automata Organic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 CASS in Regular Tessellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Definitions of CASS Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5.1 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.2 The Sequence of Initial Conditions (SIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.3 Quantitative Evaluation of a CA Pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6 Optimization of CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
SH
2.6.1 Ideal SIC by Backtracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6.2 Implementation of Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) . . . . . . 36
2.6.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7 One-Dimensional Cellular Automata Applied on Surfaces. . . . . . 47
2.7.1 Elementary Cellular Automata for CASS . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.7.2 The Original CA for Shading (CA ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
SH
ix
x Contents
2.7.3 Four Semi-totalistic Siblings of CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SH
2.7.4 Totalistic Siblings of CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SH
2.7.5 Half-Distance Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.7.6 Higher Order Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.8 Robustness of CASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.8.1 Permanent Malfunction of a Single Cell in IC. . . . . . . . . 55
2.8.2 Electric Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3 Polarized Film Shading System in Regular Grids (PFSS). . . . . . . . 63
3.1 Dihedral Rotations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2 Topological Properties of Grids and Neighborhoods. . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3 Examples of PFSS in Regular Grids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3.1 Square Grid (PFSS ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
SQ
3.3.2 Hexagonal Grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.3 Triangular Grid (PFSS ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
T
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4 Two-Dimensional Triangular Cellular Automata on Surfaces. . . . . 77
4.1 From Triangulated Surface to Triangular Cellular
Automata (TCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 Types of TCAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3 What Is an Appropriate TCA?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4 Voids in a Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.5 Free-Form 3D Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.5.1 Triangulated 3D Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.5.2 Totalistic Triangular Cellular Automata (tTCA). . . . . . . . 87
4.5.3 Semi-totalistic Triangular Cellular Automata (stTCA). . . . 91
4.6 Grayness at the Stable State (G ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
S
4.7 TCA on a Free-Form Surface (FFS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5 Cellular Automaton-Based Shading System Prototypes . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1 LC-Based Prototype in Square Grid (CASS ). . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
LCS
5.2 Concept of LC-Based Prototype in Triangular
Grid (CASS ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
LCT
5.3 Directly Controlled Shading Based on Polarized
Films (PFSS-D). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Contents xi
Part III Static Shading
6 Static Solar Shading of a Free-Form Building with Shade-Z. . . . . . 113
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2 Shade-Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.1 Importing the Geometry and Automated
Aperture Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.2 Shading Period Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.3 Generation of Geometry of the Static Shading in SZ . . . . 115
6.2.4 SZ for Periods of Days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121