Discovering Psychology The Science of Mind

946 Pages·2012·136.93 MB·English

by  John Cacioppo, Laura Freberg

John T.
Cacioppo
University of Chicago
Laura A.
Freberg
California Polytechnic
State University,
San Luis Obispo
Discovering
Psychology
The Science Mind
of
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind © 2013 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
John T. Cacioppo and Laura A. Freberg
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About the Authors
John T. Cacioppo
is the Tiffany and
Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor and Direc-
tor of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at
the University of Chicago. He is the Chair of the Psychol-
ogy Section of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and the President of the Society for Social
Neuroscience, and he is a past President of four other sci-
entific societies including the Association for Psychological
Science. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including
the National Academy of Sciences Troland Research Award,
the American Psychological Association Distinguished Sci-
entific Contribution Award, the Society for Experimental
Social Psychology Scientific Impact Award, the Presidential Citation from the American
Psychological Association, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Theo-
retical Innovation Prize. He has served as Editor and Associate Editor of various journal
boards, and currently serves on the Council of the Center for Scientific Review at the
National Institutes of Health.
Laura A. Freberg
is Professor of Psy-
chology at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis
Obispo, where she teaches courses in Introductory Psy-
chology, Biological Psychology, and Sensation and Percep-
tion. Recently, to better understand the needs of the online
education community, Laura also began teaching Social
Psychology for Argosy University Online. Laura’s teach-
ing career began over 35 years ago when she taught her
first college course at Pasadena City College at the age of
23. She has received Faculty Member of the Year recogni-
tion from Cal Poly Disabilities Resource Center three times
(1991, 1994, and 2009) for her work with students with dis-
abilities. She enjoys using technology and social media in the classroom, and is a syn-
dicated expert blogger for Live Right Live Well! She serves as the Bylaws and Archives
Committee Chair for the Society for Social Neuroscience.
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Brief Contents
1 The Science of Mind The Discipline of Psychology 2
2 The Measure of Mind Methods of Psychology 42
3 The Evolving Mind Nature and Nurture Intertwined 86
4 The Biological Mind The Physical Basis of Behavior 124
5 The Perceiving Mind Sensation and Perception 178
6 The Aware Mind Elements of Consciousness 234
7 The Feeling Mind Motivation and Emotion 286
8 The Adaptive Mind Learning 346
9 The Knowing Mind Memory 396
10 The Thinking Mind Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 452
11 The Developing Mind Life-Span Development 506
12 The Individual Mind Personality and the Self 568
13 The Connected Mind Social Psychology 618
14 The Troubled Mind Psychological Disorders 678
15 Healing the Troubled Mind Therapy 734
16 The Healthy Mind Stress and Coping, Health Psychology, and Positive
Psychology 786
References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index/Glossary S-1
iv
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Contents

1
The Science of Mind
The Discipline of Psychology
What Is Psychology? 5
What Are Psychology’s Roots? 6
The Philosophers’ Questions 7 c.
n
Psychology as a Hub Science Psychology Connects to ng, I
hi
Other Disciplines 8 blis
u
P
The Physical Scientists’ Methods 10 osy
g
Summary 1.1 13 Ar
©
How Did the Science of Psychology
What Does It Mean to Be a
Begin? 14 Psychologist? 33
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism 14
Experiencing Psychology Which Psychology Careers
Gestalt Psychology 15
Work for Me? 34
William James and Functionalism 15
Summary 1.3 37
Connecting to Research The Experiment That
Launched Gestalt Psychology 16
Interpersonal Relationships From the
The Behaviorists and the Cognitive Revolution 18 Psychological Perspective 38
Clinical Roots: Freud and the Humanists 21 Chapter Reflections 40
Sigmund Freud 23 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 41
Humanistic Psychology 24 Media Resources 41
Summary 1.2 26
What Are Psychological
Perspectives? 27
Seven Perspectives of Psychology 27
Thinking Scientifically Can the Use of a Single
Perspective Be Misleading? 30
A New Connectivity: Integrating Psychology’s Seven
Perspectives 32
v
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2
The Measure of Mind
Methods of Psychology
What Is Science? 44
The Scientific Mind-set 45
Psychology as a Hub Science Testing the Effects of
Food Additives on Children’s Behavior 46
The Importance of Critical Thinking 48
The Scientific Enterprise 49
Scientific Theories 49
c.
n
Thinking Scientifically Using the Five Steps of Critical g, I
n
Thinking to Evaluate Survey Data 50 blishi
u
P
Generating Good Hypotheses: Falsifiability and y
os
Testability 52 Arg
Evaluating Hypotheses 53 ©
Summary 2.1 54 Descriptive Statistics With Two Variables 75
Inferential Statistics 75
How Do Psychologists Conduct
Connecting to Research Do You Believe in ESP? 76
Research? 54
Descriptive Methods 55
How Can We Conduct ethical
The Case Study 55
Naturalistic Observation 56 Research? 78
Human Participants 79
The Survey 57
Animal Subjects 80
Correlational Methods 59
Summary 2.3 81
Experimental Methods 61
Experiencing Psychology Taking a Video Game and
Interpersonal Relationships From a
Aggression Survey 62
Methodological Perspective 82
Meta-analyses 66 Chapter Reflections 84
Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 85
How Do We Study the effects
Media Resources 85
of Time? 67
Summary 2.2 69
How Do We Draw Conclusions From
Data? 70
The Importance of Valid and Reliable Measures 70
Descriptive Statistics 71
Central Tendency 72
Variability 73
The Normal Curve 74
vi
ConTenTS
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3
The Evolving Mind
Nature and Nurture Intertwined
Why Do We Say nature and nurture
Are Intertwined? 89
Connecting to Research Genes, Bullying, and Emotional
Problems 90
c.
n
g, I
What Are the Building Blocks of hin
Behavior? 92 ublis
P
Genetic Variation 93 osy
g
Experiencing Psychology Reading a DNA © Ar
Fingerprint 94
How Does evolution Influence
Relatedness 95
Sex Chromosomes 96 Behavior? 112
The Evolutionary Psychology Perspective 112
Epigenetics 97
Origins of Social Behavior 112
What Is the Field of Behavioral Humans as a Social Species 113
Sexual Selection 115
Genetics? 99
Parental Investment 115
Psychology as a Hub Science Understanding Risk
Traits Possibly Influenced by Sexual Selection 116
Taking 102
Culture 116
Summary 3.1 104
Thinking Scientifically The Sexual Selection of
Humor 118
How Does evolution occur? 105
Mechanisms of Evolution 106 Summary 3.3 120
Adaptation 107
Interpersonal Relationships From an
Evolution of the Human Brain 109
The Contemporary Human Brain 110 evolutionary Perspective 121
Summary 3.2 111 Chapter Reflections 122
Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 123
Media Resources 123
vii vii
ConTenTS
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4
The Biological Mind
The Physical Basis of Behavior
What Is Biological Psychology? 127
Early Attempts to Understand Biological Psychology 127
Thinking Scientifically When Does Reductionism Work?
When Does It Fail? 128
Contemporary Approaches in Biological Psychology 130
How Do neurons Communicate? 131
c.
Neurons and Glia 131 g, In
Neural Signaling 135 hin
Electrical Signaling 135 blis
u
P
Chemical Signaling 139 y
os
g
Types of Neurotransmitters 141 Ar
©
Summary 4.1 144
The Parietal Lobe 162
How Is the nervous System Right Brain and Left Brain 163
organized? 145 Right-Left Brain Myths 165
The Function of Lateralization 165
What Are the Structures and Functions
Experiencing Psychology Handedness 166
of the Central nervous System? 146
Summary 4.2 168
The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, and Cerebellum 148
Connecting to Research The Discovery of Mirror What Are the Major Structures and
Neurons 148
Functions of the Peripheral nervous
Subcortical Structures 152 System and the endocrine System? 169
The Thalamus 152 The Somatic Nervous System 169
The Basal Ganglia 153 The Autonomic Nervous System 170
The Hypothalamus 153 The Endocrine System 172
The Hippocampus 154 Summary 4.3 174
The Cingulate Cortex 154
The Amygdala 154 Interpersonal Relationships From a
The Nucleus Accumbens 155 Biological Perspective 175
The Cerebral Cortex 155 Chapter Reflections 176
Localization of Functions in the Cerebral Cortex 157 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 177
The Frontal Lobe 158 Media Resources 177
Psychology as a Hub Science Law, Responsibility, and
the Brain 160
The Occipital Lobe 162
The Temporal Lobe 162
viii
ConTenTS
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