Discourse Analysis: A Resource Book for Students

276 Pages·2012·3.216 MB·English

by  Rodney H. Jones

DISCOURSE
 ANALYSIS

A
 resource
 book
 for
 students

RODNEY
 H.
 JONES

(103,884
 words)
HOW
 TO
 USE
 THIS
 BOOK

The
 Routledge
 English
 Language
 Introductions
 are
 ‘flexi-­‐texts’
 that
 you
 can
 use

to
 suit
 your
 own
 style
 of
 study.
 The
 books
 are
 divided
 into
 four
 sections:
 A

Introduction–
 sets
 out
 the
 key
 concepts
 for
 the
 area
 of
 study.
 The
 units
 of
 this

section
 take
 you
 through
 the
 foundational
 concepts,
 providing
 you
 with
 an
 initial

toolkit
 for
 your
 own
 study.
 By
 the
 end
 of
 the
 section,
 you
 will
 have
 a
 good

overview
 of
 the
 whole
 field.
 B
 Development–
 adds
 to
 your
 knowledge
 and
 builds

on
 the
 key
 ideas
 already
 introduced.
 Units
 in
 this
 section
 also
 introduce

 key

analytical
 tools
 and
 techniques.
 By
 the
 end
 of
 this
 section,
 you
 will
 already
 have
 a

good
 and
 fairly
 detailed
 grasp
 of
 the
 field,
 and
 will
 be
 ready
 to
 undertake
 your

own
 exploration
 and
 thinking.
 C
 Exploration–
 provides
 examples
 of
 language

data
 and
 guides
 you
 through
 your
 own
 investigation
 of
 the
 topic
 or
 area.
 The

units
 in
 this
 section
 will
 be
 more
 open-­‐ended
 and
 exploratory,
 and
 you
 will
 be

encouraged
 to
 try
 out
 your
 ideas
 and
 think
 for
 yourself,
 using
 your
 newly

acquired
 knowledge.
 D
 Extension–
 offers
 you
 the
 chance
 to
 compare
 your

expertise
 with
 key
 readings
 in
 the
 area.
 These
 are
 taken
 from
 the
 work
 of

important
 writers,
 and
 are
 provided
 with
 guidance
 and
 questions
 for
 your

further
 thought.
 You
 can
 read
 this
 book
 like
 a
 traditional
 textbook,
 ‘vertically’

straight
 through
 from
 beginning
 to
 end.
 So
 you
 would
 establish
 a
 broad
 sense
 of

the
 key
 ideas
 by
 reading
 through
 section
 A,
 and
 deepen
 your
 knowledge
 by

reading
 section
 B.
 Section
 C
 would
 then
 present
 you
 with
 one
 or
 more
 Activities

to
 test
 out
 different
 aspects
 of
 your
 broad
 knowledge.
 Finally,
 having
 gained
 a

good
 level
 of
 competence,
 you
 can
 read
 the
 section
 D
 articles
 and
 follow
 up
 the

Further
 Reading.
 However,
 the
 Routledge
 English
 Language
 Introductions
 have

been
 designed
 so
 that
 you
 can
 read
 them
 in
 another
 dimension,
 ‘horizontally’

across
 the
 numbered
 units.
 For
 example,
 units
 A1,
 B1,
 C1
 and
 D1
 constitute
 a

strand,
 then
 developing
 your
 knowledge,
 then
 testing
 out
 and
 exploring
 some

key
 ideas,
 and
 finally
 offering
 you
 a
 key
 case-­‐study
 to
 read.
 The
 strand
 across
 A2,

B2,
 C2,
 D2,
 and
 the
 other
 strands
 3,
 4,
 5,
 and
 so
 on,
 all
 work
 in
 the
 same
 way.

Reading
 across
 the
 strands
 will
 take
 you
 rapidly
 from
 the
 key
 concepts
 of
 a

specific
 topic,
 to
 a
 level
 of
 expertise
 in
 that
 precise
 topic,
 all
 with
 a
 very
 close

focus.
 You
 can
 match
 your
 way
 of
 reading
 with
 the
 best
 way
 that
 you
 work.
 The

glossarial
 index
 at
 the
 end,
 together
 with
 the
 suggestions
 for
 Further
 Reading
 for

each
 strand
 will
 help
 to
 keep
 you
 orientated.
 Each
 textbook
 has
 a
 supporting

website
 with
 extra
 commentary,
 suggestions,
 additional
 material
 and
 support
 for

teachers
 and
 students.

This
 book
 covers
 the
 vast
 field
 of
 the
 Discourse
 Analysis.
 Strand
 1
 gives
 a
 general

introduction
 to
 the
 field,
 and
 the
 following
 strands
 are
 broadly
 arranged
 across

three
 areas.
 Strands
 1
 to
 4
 cover
 the
 study
 of
 written
 discourse,
 examining

cohesion
 and
 coherence,
 the
 social
 functions
 of
 texts
 and
 the
 ways
 ideology
 is

expressed
 in
 written
 texts.
 Strands
 5
 to
 7
 focus
 more
 on
 spoken
 discourse
 and

more
 interactive
 written
 discourse
 such
 as
 that
 which
 occurs
 in
 computer-­‐
mediated
 communication,
 examining
 how
 conversations
 are
 structured
 and
 how

conversational
 participations
 strategically
 construct
 identities
 and
 activities
 in

their
 talk,
 as
 well
 as
 how
 social
 contexts
 affect
 the
 way
 utterances
 are
 produced

  ii
and
 interpreted.
 The
 last
 three
 strands
 focus
 on
 three
 relatively
 new
 approaches

to
 discourse:
 mediated
 discourse
 analysis,
 an
 approach
 which
 examines,
 among

other
 things,
 the
 way
 media
 affect
 the
 kinds
 of
 discourse
 we
 can
 produce
 and

what
 we
 can
 do
 with
 it;
 multimodal
 discourse
 analysis,
 an
 approach
 which

considers
 modes
 of
 communication
 beyond
 spoken
 and
 written
 language
 such
 as

images
 and
 gestures;
 and
 corpus-­‐assisted
 discourse
 analysis,
 an
 approach
 which

uses
 computers
 to
 aid
 in
 the
 analysis
 of
 large
 collections
 of
 texts
 or
 transcripts.

Discourse
 analysis
 is
 a
 diverse
 and
 rapidly
 developing
 field:
 nearly
 everything

observation
 we
 have
 made
 about
 discourse
 in
 this
 book
 is
 open
 to
 debate,
 and

nearly
 every
 analytical
 technique
 we
 have
 introduced
 is
 open
 to
 criticism
 or

further
 refinement.
 The
 real
 aim
 of
 this
 book
 is
 to
 provide
 you
 with
 the
 basic

backgroud
 to
 be
 able
 to
 engage
 in
 these
 debates
 and
 to
 assemble
 a
 toolkit
 of

analytical
 techniques
 that
 best
 fit
 your
 needs.
 If
 you
 wish
 to
 know
 more
 about

the
 ways
 discourse
 analysis
 fits
 into
 or
 relates
 to
 other
 approaches
 to
 the
 study

of
 English,
 other
 books
 in
 the
 RELI
 series
 such
 as
 Introducing
 English
 language:
 A

resource
 book
 for
 students
 by
 Louise
 Mullany
 and
 Peter
 Stockwell,
 Pragmatics

and
 discourse:
 A
 resource
 book
 for
 students
 by
 Joan
 Cutting,
 and
 Language
 and

power:
 A
 resource
 book
 for
 students
 by
 Paul
 Simpson
 and
 Andrea
 Mayr.

The
 RELI
 books
 do
 not
 aim
 to
 replace
 your
 teacher
 or
 lecturer,
 but
 instead
 they

offer
 both
 student
 and
 expert
 a
 resource
 for
 you
 to
 adapt
 as
 you
 think
 most

appropriate.
 You
 will
 want
 to
 take
 issue
 with
 what
 is
 presented
 here,
 test
 out
 the

assumptions,
 and
 –
 we
 hope
 –
 feel
 motivated
 to
 read
 and
 explore
 further.
 Space

is
 always
 space
 for
 tutors
 to
 mediate
 the
 material
 and
 for
 students
 to
 explore

beyond
 the
 book.

  iii
CONTENTS

Contents
 cross-­‐referenced

List
 of
 figures
 and
 tables

Acknowledgements

A

  Introduction:
 Key
 topics
 in
 the
 study
 of
 discourse
 analysis

1
  What
 is
 discourse
 analysis?

2
  Texts
 and
 texture

3
  Texts
 and
 their
 social
 functions

4
  Discourse
 and
 ideology

5
  Spoken
 discourse

6
  Strategic
 Interaction

7
  Context,
 culture
 and
 communication

8
  Mediated
 discourse
 analysis

9
  Multimodal
 discourse
 analysis

10
  Corpus-­‐assisted
 discourse
 analysis

B
  Development:
 Approaches
 to
 discourse
 analysis

1
  Three
 ways
 of
 looking
 at
 discourse

2
  Cohesion
 and
 coherence

3
  All
 the
 right
 moves

4
  Constructing
 reality

5
  The
 texture
 of
 talk

6
  Negotiating
 relationships
 and
 activities

7
  The
 SPEAKING
 model

8
  Mediation

9
  Modes,
 meaning
 and
 action

10
  Procedures
 for
 corpus-­‐assisted
 discourse
 analysis

C
  Exploration:
 Analyzing
 discourse

1
  Doing
 discourse
 analysis:
 first
 steps

2
  Analyzing
 texture

3
  Analyzing
 genres

4
  Other
 people’s
 voices

5
  Analyzing
 speech
 acts

6
  Analyzing
 conversational
 strategies

7
  Analyzing
 contexts

8
  Doing
 mediated
 discourse
 analysis

9
  Doing
 multimodal
 discourse
 analysis

10
  Analyzing
 corpora

  iv
D
  Extension:
 Readings
 in
 discourse
 analysis

1
  The
 three
 perspectives
 revisited
 (Zellig
 Harris;
 Henry
 G.
 Widdowson;

James
 Paul
 Gee)

2
  Two
 perspectives
 on
 texture
 (Michael
 A.
 K.
 Halliday
 and
 Ruqaiya
 Hasan;

David
 Rumelhart)

3
  Genres,
 discourse
 communities
 and
 power
 (John
 Swales,
 Vijay
 K.
 Bhatia)

4
  Ideologies
 in
 discourse
 (Norman
 Fairclough;
 James
 Paul
 Gee)

5
  Two
 perspectives
 on
 conversation
 (John
 L.
 Austin;
 Emanuel
 A.
 Schegloff

and
 Harvey
 Sacks)

6
  Frames
 in
 interaction
 (Deborah
 Tannen
 and
 Cynthia
 Wallat)

7
  The
 ethnography
 of
 communication
 (Dell
 Hymes;
 Muriel
 Saville-­‐Troike)

8
  Discourse
 and
 action
 (Ron
 Scollon)

9
  Two
 perspectives
 on
 multimodality
 (Gunther
 Kress,
 and
 Theo
 van

Leeuwen;
 Sigrid
 Norris)

10
  Finding
 ‘Discourses’
 with
 corpus-­‐assisted
 analysis
 (Paul
 Baker,
 and
 Tony

McEnery)

  v
CONTENTS

 CROSS-­‐REFERENCED

Topic A INTRODUCTION B DEVELOPMENT C EXPLORATION E EXTENSION Topic
1 What is discourse analysis? Three ways of looking at discourse Doing discourse analysis: first The three perspectives revisited 1
steps (Zellig Harris; Henry G.
Widdowson; James Paul Gee)
2 Texts and texture Cohesion and coherence Analyzing texture Two perspectives on texture 2
(Michael A. K. Halliday and
Ruqaiya Hasan; David
Rumelhart)
3 Texts and their social functions All the right moves Analyzing genres Genres, discourse communities 3
and power (John Swales, Vijay
K. Bhatia)
4 Discourse and ideology Constructing reality Other people’s voices Ideologies in discourse (Norman 4
Fairclough; James Paul Gee)
5 Spoken discourse The texture of talk Analyzing speech acts Two perspectives on 5
conversation (John L. Austin;
Emanuel A. Schegloff and
Harvey Sacks)
6 Strategic interaction Negotiating relationships and Analyzing conversational Frames in interaction (Deborah 6
activities strategies Tannen and Cynthia Wallat)
7 Context, culture and The SPEAKING model Analyzing contexts The ethnography of 7
communication communication (Dell Hymes;
Muriel Saville-Troike)
8 Mediated discourse analysis Mediation Doing mediated discourse Discourse and action (Ron 8
analysis Scollon)
9 Multimodal discourse analysis Modes, meaning and action Doing multimodal discourse Two perspectives on 9
analysis multimodality (Gunther Kress,
and Theo van Leeuwen; Sigrid
Norris)
10 Corpus-assisted discourse Procedures for corpus-assisted Analyzing corpora Finding ‘Discourses’ with 10
analysis discourses analysis corpus-assisted analysis (Paul
Baker, and Tony McEnery)

  6
LIST
 OF
 FIGURES
 AND
 TABLES

Figures

A5.1

  Calvin
 and
 Hobbs
 (Universal
 Press
 Syndicate
 All
 Rights
 Reserved)

B2.1

 Advertisement
 from
 Body
 Coach.Net

B8.1

 Crossing
 the
 street

B9.1

  Warriors
 (photo
 credit
 Claudio
 Gennari)

B9.2

  Using
 information,
 media
 and
 digital
 literacy
 (credit
 Karin
 Dalziel)

B9.3

  Child
 (photo
 credit
 Denis
 Mihailov)

B9.
 4

  AIDS
 prevention
 advertisement
 (Abrasco,
 Brazil)

B10.1
  Concordance
 plots
 for
 Lady
 Gaga
 songs

C1.1

  Excerpt
 from
 the
 author’s
 Facebook
 News
 Feed

C3.1

  From
 The
 Daily
 Dish

C3.2
  From
 Don’t
 Make
 Me
 Mad
 (Cheryn-­‐ann
 Chew’s
 blog)

C6.1

  Excerpt
 from
 the
 author’s
 Facebook
 Wall

C6.2

  MSN
 Messenger
 emoticons

C10.1

 Partial
 concordance
 list
 for
 ‘me’

C10.2

 Partial
 concordance
 list
 for
 ‘me’

C10.3

 Keywords
 in
 the
 Lady
 Gaga
 corpus

Tables

B6.1

  Face
 strategies

C4.1

  Different
 forms
 of
 discourse
 representation

C5.1

  Comparison
 of
 threatening,
 warning,
 advising
 and
 promising
 (adapted

from
 Shuy
 1993:
 98)

C8.1

  Cultural
 tools
 for
 breaking
 up

C10.1

 Size
 of
 corpora
 and
 type
 token
 ratio

C10.2

 Top
 five
 function
 words

C10.3

 Top
 five
 content
 words

C10.4

 Top
 5
 collocates
 of
 ‘love’
 (span
 5L,
 5R)

  vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I
 wish
 to
 thank
 all
 of
 my
 colleagues
 at
 City
 University
 of
 Hong
 Kong
 for
 their

valuable
 suggestions
 and
 support
 while
 I
 was
 writing
 this
 book,
 and
 especially

my
 students
 with
 whom
 I
 have
 tried
 out
 this
 material
 over
 the
 years
 and
 who

have
 given
 me
 valuable
 feedback
 on
 it.
 Particular
 thanks
 go
 to
 Mr
 Daniel

Freeman
 for
 his
 close
 copyediting
 and
 insightful
 comments
 on
 the
 manuscript.

The
 author
 and
 publisher
 also
 wish
 to
 thank
 the
 following
 for
 permission
 to
 use

copyright
 material.

MCA
 Music,
 ‘Kiss
 the
 Bride’,
 Elton
 John
 (1983)
 (A4)

United
 Press
 Syndicate
 for
 Calvin
 and
 Hobbs
 (Image
 ID
 17467)
 released

12/27/1985.
 All
 rights
 reserved
 (A5)

Body
 Coach
 International,
 Advertisement.
 All
 rights
 reserved
 (B2)

Castle
 Rock
 Pictures,
 excerpt
 from
 script
 of
 When
 Harry
 Met
 Sally
 (1988)
 B6

Claudio
 Gennari,
 Warriors
 (photo)
 licensed
 under
 the
 Creative
 Commons
 for

reuse
 with
 attribution.
 (B9)

Karin
 Dalziel,
 Using
 information,
 media
 and
 digital
 literacy,
 image,
 licensed

under
 the
 Creative
 Commons
 for
 reuse
 with
 attribution.
 (B9)

Denis
 Mihailov,
 Child
 (photo),
 licensed
 under
 the
 Creative
 Commons
 for
 reuse

with
 attribution.
 (B9)

Starbucks
 Corporation,
 text
 from
 coffee
 sleeve
 (C1)

Press
 Trust
 of
 India,
 Lady
 Gaga's
 'meat
 dress'
 voted
 most
 iconic
 outfit

Dec
 19,
 2010,
 Retreived
 from
 The
 Times
 of
 India
 (C2)

People
 for
 the
 Ethical
 Treatment
 of
 Animals,
 The
 PETA
 Files,
 Lady
 Gaga’s
 Meat

Dress,
 September
 13,
 2010

The
 Atlantic
 Corporation,
 Screenshot
 from
 the
 Daily
 Dish
 (C3)

Cheryn-­‐ann
 Chew,
 Screenshot
 from
 Blog
 http://calciumblock.diaryland.com/,

used
 with
 permission
 (C3)

China
 shuns
 U.S.
 mediation
 in
 its
 island
 dispute
 with
 Japan ,
 CNN
 International,

November
 03,
 2010

China:
 Trilateral
 talks
 merely
 US
 wishful
 thinking,
 China
 Daily,
 November
 02,

2010
 (C4)

MSN
 Messenger
 emoticons.
 Microsoft
 Corporation
 (C6)

Wacoal
 Butterfly
 Bra
 ad,
 Wacoal
 Holdings
 Corporation.
 All
 Rights
 Reserved.
 (C9)

Harris,
 Z.
 (1952).
 Discourse
 analysis.
 Language,
 28(1),
 1-­‐30.
 (D1)

Widdowson,
 H.
 G.
 (1973).
 An
 applied
 linguistic
 approach
 to
 discourse
 analysis.

(Unpublished
 doctoral
 dissertation).
 Department
 of
 Linguistics,
 University
 of

Edinburgh.
 (D1)

Gee,
 J.
 P.
 (2010).
 Introduction
 to
 discourse
 analysis:
 Theory
 and
 method
 (3rd
 ed.).

London:
 Routledge.
 (D1)

Halliday,
 M.
 A.
 K.,
 and
 Hasan,
 R.
 (1976).
 Cohesion
 in
 English.
 London:
 Longman.

(D2)

Rumelhart,
 D.
 (1975).
 Notes
 on
 a
 schema
 for
 stories.
 In
 D.
 Bobrow
 and
 A.
 Collins

(Eds.),
 Representation
 and
 understanding:
 Studies
 in
 cognitive
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  ix
SECTION
 A:

INTRODUCTION:
 KEY
 TOPICS
 IN
 THE

STUDY
 OF
 DISCOURSE
 ANALYSIS

  1