ebook img

Discourse Analysis: A Resource Book for Students PDF

276 Pages·2012·3.216 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Discourse Analysis: A Resource Book for Students

DISCOURSE  ANALYSIS         A  resource  book  for  students             RODNEY  H.  JONES                                               (103,884  words) HOW  TO  USE  THIS  BOOK     The  Routledge  English  Language  Introductions  are  ‘flexi-­‐texts’  that  you  can  use   to  suit  your  own  style  of  study.  The  books  are  divided  into  four  sections:  A   Introduction–  sets  out  the  key  concepts  for  the  area  of  study.  The  units  of  this   section  take  you  through  the  foundational  concepts,  providing  you  with  an  initial   toolkit  for  your  own  study.  By  the  end  of  the  section,  you  will  have  a  good   overview  of  the  whole  field.  B  Development–  adds  to  your  knowledge  and  builds   on  the  key  ideas  already  introduced.  Units  in  this  section  also  introduce    key   analytical  tools  and  techniques.  By  the  end  of  this  section,  you  will  already  have  a   good  and  fairly  detailed  grasp  of  the  field,  and  will  be  ready  to  undertake  your   own  exploration  and  thinking.  C  Exploration–  provides  examples  of  language   data  and  guides  you  through  your  own  investigation  of  the  topic  or  area.  The   units  in  this  section  will  be  more  open-­‐ended  and  exploratory,  and  you  will  be   encouraged  to  try  out  your  ideas  and  think  for  yourself,  using  your  newly   acquired  knowledge.  D  Extension–  offers  you  the  chance  to  compare  your   expertise  with  key  readings  in  the  area.  These  are  taken  from  the  work  of   important  writers,  and  are  provided  with  guidance  and  questions  for  your   further  thought.  You  can  read  this  book  like  a  traditional  textbook,  ‘vertically’   straight  through  from  beginning  to  end.  So  you  would  establish  a  broad  sense  of   the  key  ideas  by  reading  through  section  A,  and  deepen  your  knowledge  by   reading  section  B.  Section  C  would  then  present  you  with  one  or  more  Activities   to  test  out  different  aspects  of  your  broad  knowledge.  Finally,  having  gained  a   good  level  of  competence,  you  can  read  the  section  D  articles  and  follow  up  the   Further  Reading.  However,  the  Routledge  English  Language  Introductions  have   been  designed  so  that  you  can  read  them  in  another  dimension,  ‘horizontally’   across  the  numbered  units.  For  example,  units  A1,  B1,  C1  and  D1  constitute  a   strand,  then  developing  your  knowledge,  then  testing  out  and  exploring  some   key  ideas,  and  finally  offering  you  a  key  case-­‐study  to  read.  The  strand  across  A2,   B2,  C2,  D2,  and  the  other  strands  3,  4,  5,  and  so  on,  all  work  in  the  same  way.   Reading  across  the  strands  will  take  you  rapidly  from  the  key  concepts  of  a   specific  topic,  to  a  level  of  expertise  in  that  precise  topic,  all  with  a  very  close   focus.  You  can  match  your  way  of  reading  with  the  best  way  that  you  work.  The   glossarial  index  at  the  end,  together  with  the  suggestions  for  Further  Reading  for   each  strand  will  help  to  keep  you  orientated.  Each  textbook  has  a  supporting   website  with  extra  commentary,  suggestions,  additional  material  and  support  for   teachers  and  students.     This  book  covers  the  vast  field  of  the  Discourse  Analysis.  Strand  1  gives  a  general   introduction  to  the  field,  and  the  following  strands  are  broadly  arranged  across   three  areas.  Strands  1  to  4  cover  the  study  of  written  discourse,  examining   cohesion  and  coherence,  the  social  functions  of  texts  and  the  ways  ideology  is   expressed  in  written  texts.  Strands  5  to  7  focus  more  on  spoken  discourse  and   more  interactive  written  discourse  such  as  that  which  occurs  in  computer-­‐ mediated  communication,  examining  how  conversations  are  structured  and  how   conversational  participations  strategically  construct  identities  and  activities  in   their  talk,  as  well  as  how  social  contexts  affect  the  way  utterances  are  produced     ii and  interpreted.  The  last  three  strands  focus  on  three  relatively  new  approaches   to  discourse:  mediated  discourse  analysis,  an  approach  which  examines,  among   other  things,  the  way  media  affect  the  kinds  of  discourse  we  can  produce  and   what  we  can  do  with  it;  multimodal  discourse  analysis,  an  approach  which   considers  modes  of  communication  beyond  spoken  and  written  language  such  as   images  and  gestures;  and  corpus-­‐assisted  discourse  analysis,  an  approach  which   uses  computers  to  aid  in  the  analysis  of  large  collections  of  texts  or  transcripts.     Discourse  analysis  is  a  diverse  and  rapidly  developing  field:  nearly  everything   observation  we  have  made  about  discourse  in  this  book  is  open  to  debate,  and   nearly  every  analytical  technique  we  have  introduced  is  open  to  criticism  or   further  refinement.  The  real  aim  of  this  book  is  to  provide  you  with  the  basic   backgroud  to  be  able  to  engage  in  these  debates  and  to  assemble  a  toolkit  of   analytical  techniques  that  best  fit  your  needs.  If  you  wish  to  know  more  about   the  ways  discourse  analysis  fits  into  or  relates  to  other  approaches  to  the  study   of  English,  other  books  in  the  RELI  series  such  as  Introducing  English  language:  A   resource  book  for  students  by  Louise  Mullany  and  Peter  Stockwell,  Pragmatics   and  discourse:  A  resource  book  for  students  by  Joan  Cutting,  and  Language  and   power:  A  resource  book  for  students  by  Paul  Simpson  and  Andrea  Mayr.     The  RELI  books  do  not  aim  to  replace  your  teacher  or  lecturer,  but  instead  they   offer  both  student  and  expert  a  resource  for  you  to  adapt  as  you  think  most   appropriate.  You  will  want  to  take  issue  with  what  is  presented  here,  test  out  the   assumptions,  and  –  we  hope  –  feel  motivated  to  read  and  explore  further.  Space   is  always  space  for  tutors  to  mediate  the  material  and  for  students  to  explore   beyond  the  book.       iii CONTENTS     Contents  cross-­‐referenced   List  of  figures  and  tables   Acknowledgements     A     Introduction:  Key  topics  in  the  study  of  discourse  analysis     1   What  is  discourse  analysis?   2   Texts  and  texture   3   Texts  and  their  social  functions   4   Discourse  and  ideology   5   Spoken  discourse   6   Strategic  Interaction   7   Context,  culture  and  communication   8   Mediated  discourse  analysis   9   Multimodal  discourse  analysis   10   Corpus-­‐assisted  discourse  analysis   B   Development:  Approaches  to  discourse  analysis     1   Three  ways  of  looking  at  discourse   2   Cohesion  and  coherence   3   All  the  right  moves   4   Constructing  reality   5   The  texture  of  talk   6   Negotiating  relationships  and  activities   7   The  SPEAKING  model   8   Mediation   9   Modes,  meaning  and  action   10   Procedures  for  corpus-­‐assisted  discourse  analysis   C   Exploration:  Analyzing  discourse     1   Doing  discourse  analysis:  first  steps   2   Analyzing  texture   3   Analyzing  genres   4   Other  people’s  voices   5   Analyzing  speech  acts   6   Analyzing  conversational  strategies   7   Analyzing  contexts   8   Doing  mediated  discourse  analysis   9   Doing  multimodal  discourse  analysis   10   Analyzing  corpora         iv D   Extension:  Readings  in  discourse  analysis     1   The  three  perspectives  revisited  (Zellig  Harris;  Henry  G.  Widdowson;   James  Paul  Gee)   2   Two  perspectives  on  texture  (Michael  A.  K.  Halliday  and  Ruqaiya  Hasan;   David  Rumelhart)   3   Genres,  discourse  communities  and  power  (John  Swales,  Vijay  K.  Bhatia)     4   Ideologies  in  discourse  (Norman  Fairclough;  James  Paul  Gee)     5   Two  perspectives  on  conversation  (John  L.  Austin;  Emanuel  A.  Schegloff   and  Harvey  Sacks)   6   Frames  in  interaction  (Deborah  Tannen  and  Cynthia  Wallat)   7   The  ethnography  of  communication  (Dell  Hymes;  Muriel  Saville-­‐Troike)   8   Discourse  and  action  (Ron  Scollon)     9   Two  perspectives  on  multimodality  (Gunther  Kress,  and  Theo  van   Leeuwen;  Sigrid  Norris)     10   Finding  ‘Discourses’  with  corpus-­‐assisted  analysis  (Paul  Baker,  and  Tony   McEnery)     v CONTENTS      CROSS-­‐REFERENCED       Topic A INTRODUCTION B DEVELOPMENT C EXPLORATION E EXTENSION Topic 1 What is discourse analysis? Three ways of looking at discourse Doing discourse analysis: first The three perspectives revisited 1 steps (Zellig Harris; Henry G. Widdowson; James Paul Gee) 2 Texts and texture Cohesion and coherence Analyzing texture Two perspectives on texture 2 (Michael A. K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan; David Rumelhart) 3 Texts and their social functions All the right moves Analyzing genres Genres, discourse communities 3 and power (John Swales, Vijay K. Bhatia) 4 Discourse and ideology Constructing reality Other people’s voices Ideologies in discourse (Norman 4 Fairclough; James Paul Gee) 5 Spoken discourse The texture of talk Analyzing speech acts Two perspectives on 5 conversation (John L. Austin; Emanuel A. Schegloff and Harvey Sacks) 6 Strategic interaction Negotiating relationships and Analyzing conversational Frames in interaction (Deborah 6 activities strategies Tannen and Cynthia Wallat) 7 Context, culture and The SPEAKING model Analyzing contexts The ethnography of 7 communication communication (Dell Hymes; Muriel Saville-Troike) 8 Mediated discourse analysis Mediation Doing mediated discourse Discourse and action (Ron 8 analysis Scollon) 9 Multimodal discourse analysis Modes, meaning and action Doing multimodal discourse Two perspectives on 9 analysis multimodality (Gunther Kress, and Theo van Leeuwen; Sigrid Norris) 10 Corpus-assisted discourse Procedures for corpus-assisted Analyzing corpora Finding ‘Discourses’ with 10 analysis discourses analysis corpus-assisted analysis (Paul Baker, and Tony McEnery)   6 LIST  OF  FIGURES  AND  TABLES       Figures     A5.1     Calvin  and  Hobbs  (Universal  Press  Syndicate  All  Rights  Reserved)     B2.1    Advertisement  from  Body  Coach.Net   B8.1    Crossing  the  street     B9.1     Warriors  (photo  credit  Claudio  Gennari)   B9.2     Using  information,  media  and  digital  literacy  (credit  Karin  Dalziel)   B9.3     Child  (photo  credit  Denis  Mihailov)   B9.  4     AIDS  prevention  advertisement  (Abrasco,  Brazil)     B10.1   Concordance  plots  for  Lady  Gaga  songs   C1.1     Excerpt  from  the  author’s  Facebook  News  Feed   C3.1     From  The  Daily  Dish   C3.2   From  Don’t  Make  Me  Mad  (Cheryn-­‐ann  Chew’s  blog)   C6.1     Excerpt  from  the  author’s  Facebook  Wall   C6.2     MSN  Messenger  emoticons   C10.1    Partial  concordance  list  for  ‘me’   C10.2    Partial  concordance  list  for  ‘me’   C10.3    Keywords  in  the  Lady  Gaga  corpus     Tables     B6.1     Face  strategies   C4.1     Different  forms  of  discourse  representation   C5.1     Comparison  of  threatening,  warning,  advising  and  promising  (adapted   from  Shuy  1993:  98)   C8.1     Cultural  tools  for  breaking  up   C10.1    Size  of  corpora  and  type  token  ratio     C10.2    Top  five  function  words   C10.3    Top  five  content  words   C10.4    Top  5  collocates  of  ‘love’  (span  5L,  5R)           vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS     I  wish  to  thank  all  of  my  colleagues  at  City  University  of  Hong  Kong  for  their   valuable  suggestions  and  support  while  I  was  writing  this  book,  and  especially   my  students  with  whom  I  have  tried  out  this  material  over  the  years  and  who   have  given  me  valuable  feedback  on  it.  Particular  thanks  go  to  Mr  Daniel   Freeman  for  his  close  copyediting  and  insightful  comments  on  the  manuscript.       The  author  and  publisher  also  wish  to  thank  the  following  for  permission  to  use   copyright  material.       MCA  Music,  ‘Kiss  the  Bride’,  Elton  John  (1983)  (A4)   United  Press  Syndicate  for  Calvin  and  Hobbs  (Image  ID  17467)  released   12/27/1985.  All  rights  reserved  (A5)   Body  Coach  International,  Advertisement.  All  rights  reserved  (B2)   Castle  Rock  Pictures,  excerpt  from  script  of  When  Harry  Met  Sally  (1988)  B6     Claudio  Gennari,  Warriors  (photo)  licensed  under  the  Creative  Commons  for   reuse  with  attribution.  (B9)   Karin  Dalziel,  Using  information,  media  and  digital  literacy,  image,  licensed   under  the  Creative  Commons  for  reuse  with  attribution.  (B9)   Denis  Mihailov,  Child  (photo),  licensed  under  the  Creative  Commons  for  reuse   with  attribution.  (B9)     Starbucks  Corporation,  text  from  coffee  sleeve  (C1)   Press  Trust  of  India,  Lady  Gaga's  'meat  dress'  voted  most  iconic  outfit   Dec  19,  2010,  Retreived  from  The  Times  of  India  (C2)   People  for  the  Ethical  Treatment  of  Animals,  The  PETA  Files,  Lady  Gaga’s  Meat   Dress,  September  13,  2010     The  Atlantic  Corporation,  Screenshot  from  the  Daily  Dish  (C3)   Cheryn-­‐ann  Chew,  Screenshot  from  Blog  http://calciumblock.diaryland.com/,   used  with  permission  (C3)     China  shuns  U.S.  mediation  in  its  island  dispute  with  Japan ,  CNN  International,     November  03,  2010     China:  Trilateral  talks  merely  US  wishful  thinking,  China  Daily,  November  02,   2010  (C4)     MSN  Messenger  emoticons.  Microsoft  Corporation  (C6)     Wacoal  Butterfly  Bra  ad,  Wacoal  Holdings  Corporation.  All  Rights  Reserved.  (C9)       Harris,  Z.  (1952).  Discourse  analysis.  Language,  28(1),  1-­‐30.  (D1)   Widdowson,  H.  G.  (1973).  An  applied  linguistic  approach  to  discourse  analysis.   (Unpublished  doctoral  dissertation).  Department  of  Linguistics,  University  of   Edinburgh.  (D1)   Gee,  J.  P.  (2010).  Introduction  to  discourse  analysis:  Theory  and  method  (3rd  ed.).   London:  Routledge.  (D1)   Halliday,  M.  A.  K.,  and  Hasan,  R.  (1976).  Cohesion  in  English.  London:  Longman.   (D2)   Rumelhart,  D.  (1975).  Notes  on  a  schema  for  stories.  In  D.  Bobrow  and  A.  Collins   (Eds.),  Representation  and  understanding:  Studies  in  cognitive  science.  New  York:   Academic  Press.  (B2,  D2) Swales,  J.  M.  (1990).  Genre  analysis:  English  in  academic  and  research  settings.   Cambridge:  Cambridge  University  Press.  (D3)   Bhatia,  V.  K.  (1997).  The  power  and  politics  of  genre.  World  Englishes,  16(3),  359-­‐ 371.  (D3)   Fairclough,  N.  (1992).  Discourse  and  social  change.  London:  Polity.  (D4)   Gee,  J.  P.  (1996).  Social  linguistics  and  literacies:  Ideology  in  discourses.  London  ;   Bristol,  PA:  Taylor  and  Francis.  (D4)   Austin,  J.  L.  (1976).  How  to  do  things  with  words,  2nd  Edition.  (J.  O.  Urmson,  and   M.  Sbisa,  Eds.)  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press.  (D5)     Schegloff  ,  E.  A.  and  Sacks,  H.  (1973).  Opening  up  closings.  Semiotica  7,  289-­‐  327.   (D5)  Hymes,  D.  (1986).  Models  of  the  interaction  of  language  and  social  life.  In  J.   J.  Gumperz  and  D.  Hymes  (Eds.),  Directions  in  Sociolinguistics  (pp.  296-­‐336).     Oxford:  Basil  Blackwell.  (D7)   Saville-­‐Troike,  M.  (2003)  The  ethnography  of  communication.  Oxford:  Blackwell.   (D7)   Scollon,  R.  (2001).  Mediated  discourse:  The  nexus  of  practice.  London:  Routledge.   (D8)   Kress,  G.  and  van  Leeuwen,  T.  (2006).  Reading  images:  the  grammar  of  visual   design  2nd  Edition.  London  and  New  York:  Routledge.  (D9)   Norris,  S.  (2004).  Analyzing  multimodal  interaction:  a  methodological  framework.   London:  Routledge.  (A9)   Baker,  P.  and  McEnery,  T.  (2005).  A  corpus-­‐based  approach  to  discourses  of   refugees  and  asylum  seekers  in  UN  and  newspaper  texts.  Journal  of  Language   and  Politics  4(2),  197-­‐226.  (D10)                     ix SECTION  A:     INTRODUCTION:  KEY  TOPICS  IN  THE   STUDY  OF  DISCOURSE  ANALYSIS       1

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.