Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan

391 Pages·2015·9.189 MB·English

by  Atta-Ur- Rahman, Amir Nawaz Khan, Rajib Shaw (eds.)

Disaster Risk Reduction
Methods, Approaches and Practices
Atta-Ur- Rahman
Amir Nawaz Khan
Rajib Shaw Editors
Disaster Risk
Reduction
Approaches
in Pakistan
Disaster Risk Reduction
Methods, Approaches and Practices
Series Editor
Rajib Shaw, Kyoto University, Japan
About the Series
Scope of the Series
Disaster risk reduction is a process, which leads to the safety of community and
nations. After the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Japan,
the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was adopted as a framework of risk reduction.
The academic research and higher education in disaster risk reduction has made/is
making gradual shift from pure basic research to applied, implementation oriented
research. More emphasis is given on the multi-stakeholder collaboration and multi-
disciplinary research. Emerging university networks in Asia, Europe, Africa and
Americas have urged for the process-oriented research in disaster risk reduction fi eld.
Keeping this in mind, this new series will promote the outputs of action research on
disaster risk reduction, which will be useful for a wider range of stakeholders including
academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students and researchers in the related
fi eld. The series will focus on some of emerging needs in the risk reduction fi eld,
starting from climate change adaptation, urban ecosystem, coastal risk reduction,
education for sustainable development, community based practices, risk
communication, human security etc. Through academic review, this series will
encourage young researchers and practitioners to analyze fi eld practices, and link it to
theory and policies with logic, data and evidences. Thus, the series emphasizes
evidence based risk reduction methods, approaches and practices.
Editorial Advisory Group
1. Ms. Margareta Wahlstorm, Special Representative of the Secretary General of
the United Nations for the Disaster Risk Reduction, and head of UN ISDR
(International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), Geneva, Switzerland
2. Dr. Juha Uitto, Deputy Director, Evaluation Offi ce, UNDP (United Nations
Development Programme), NY, USA
3. Professor Kaoru Takara, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan
4. Professor Joy Jacquline Pereira, University Kebansan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia
5. Professor David Sanderson, Director, Centre for Development and Emergency
Practice (CENDEP), Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford
Brookes University, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK
6. Dr. Anshu Sharma, Board Member, SEEDS India, Delhi, India
7. Professor Ailsa Holloway, Director, Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable
Livelihoods Programme, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
8. Professor Arnold Howitt, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,
USA
9. Professor Fuad Mallick, Chair of Disaster Management Program, BRAC
University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
10. Professor Jayant K Routray, Coordinator of Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and
Management Academic Program, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani,
Thailand
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11575
Atta-Ur- Rahman • Amir Nawaz Khan
Rajib Shaw
Editors
Disaster Risk Reduction
Approaches in Pakistan
Editors
Atta-Ur-Rahman Amir Nawaz Khan
Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Centre for Disaster Preparedness
Planning and Management
University of Peshawar University of Peshawar
Peshawar , Pakistan Peshawar , Pakistan
Rajib Shaw
Graduate School of Global
Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
Kyoto , Japan
ISSN 2196-4106 ISSN 2196-4114 (electronic)
Disaster Risk Reduction
ISBN 978-4-431-55368-7 ISBN 978-4-431-55369-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55369-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958292
Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer Japan 2015
T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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Pref ace
D isaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies not only save lives and minimize damage
but also reduce extra burdens on the economy and enhance resilience to respond
effectively during an emergency. Spending on risk reduction is always a profi table
business. Prior to 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the emphasis of government of Pakistan
was on a reactive approach rather than on DRR policies and strategies. The Kashmir
earthquake caused a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive. The disaster
management institutions at all levels are poor in terms of technical and fi nancial
capacities, which need proper attention for building capabilities and strengthening
disaster management authorities. The National Institute of Disaster Management is
imparting education and training to certain key stakeholders with technical and
human resource limitations.
In Pakistan, multi-hazard risk assessment and mapping is a benefi cial attempt to
limit the population and property in high-risk areas and reduce the chances of
greater disaster impacts. In this regard, land-use planning and enforcement of
building regulations would be other effective risk reduction strategies. DRR and
climate change adaptation, awareness raising, and education are the major strate-
gies for reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience. For effective emergency
response, training of volunteers and preparedness of rapid response teams can raise
community resilience and reduce losses from extreme events. Priority needs to be
given to community-based DRR strategies, as it empowers the local population with
self- sustained efforts to withstand or resist unforeseen events. With this approach,
the community relies on locally available resources rather than waiting for external
sources to cope with extreme events.
T here is increasing evidence from recent disasters that well-informed and well-
prepared local governments and local communities can minimize the impacts of
disasters. It is a well-accepted fact that communities vary from place to place, and
their perceptions and ways to respond to disasters also vary. Therefore, it is important
to decentralize policy and to customize it based on local needs and priorities. A
strong and committed local government system is often found to be effective for
successfully implementing DRR plans.
v
vi Preface
Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan is a pioneering regional attempt
to provide a balanced approach of theory and practice. The book analytically discusses
the status of DRR, drawing examples and lessons from the output of national and
community-level programs and projects and other experience in the country.
The book covers all different types of disasters in Pakistan, including geo-p hysical
and hydro-meteorological hazards. It attempts to incorporate and draw some of the
key lessons learned from the pre-disaster and disaster phases to the post-disaster
phase and provides an effective framework in the form of those lessons. The rich
content is based on a selection of available documents, a consultative workshop
with academicians from different universities undertaking DRR higher education
programs, and the editors’ own knowledge and experience in the fi eld. Special
emphasis is given to analyzing fi eld experiences from academic perspectives and
pinpointing key issues and the policy relevance of DRR.
The book is organized into three sections, with a total of 20 chapters. Section one
provides the outline and basics of DRR strategies applied at the national level with
supporting examples from a global review. Section two specifi cally highlights the
wide ranges of hazards experienced in Pakistan and draws examples, policy options,
institutional set-ups, risk reduction strategies, and key lessons learned. The third
section of the book is given to approaches and issues of DRR practices and
examples of disaster responses.
T he primary target groups for this book are students and researchers in the fi elds
of environmental sciences, geography, geology, earth sciences, DRR, and climate
change studies. The book will ultimately provide a strong idea of current research
trends in each fi eld and will furnish basic knowledge on this important topic in
Pakistan. Another target group comprises practitioners and policy makers, who will
be able to apply their collective wisdom to policy and decision making.
Peshawar , Pakistan Atta-Ur-Rahman
Peshawar, Pakistan Amir Nawaz Khan
Kyoto , Japan Rajib Shaw
Contents
Part I Overview of Disaster Risk Reduction
1 Introduction and Approaches of Disaster Risk
Reduction in Pakistan ............................................................................. 3
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
2 Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk: The Pakistan Context ...................... 31
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
3 Disaster Resilience: Generic Overview and Pakistan Context ................ 5 3
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
Part II Hazard, Risk Profi les and Mitigation in Pakistan
4 Flood Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ............................. 77
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
5 Earthquake Hazards and Risk Mitigation in Pakistan ........................ 101
Muhammad Shafi que and Muhammad Younis Khan
6 Tsunami Risk, Preparedness and Warning System in Pakistan .............. 1 19
Mohammad Heidarzadeh
7 Drought Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ......................... 131
Amir Nawaz Khan and Shah Nawaz Khan
8 Landslide Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ...................... 145
Amir Nawaz Khan and Shah Nawaz Khan
9 Desertification Risk Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ..................... 161
Amir Nawaz Khan and Amjad Ali
vii
viii Contents
10 Sea Level Change, Causes and Impacts:
A Case Study of Pakistan ........................................................................ 175
Shamshad Akhtar
11 Climate Change Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ............... 195
Mohammad Aslam Khan
12 GLOF Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ........................... 217
Gohar Rehman
Part III Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan
13 National Strategy, Law and Institutional Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan ............................................... 241
Amir Nawaz Khan and Mushtaq Ahmad Jan
14 DRR at the Local Government Level in Pakistan ................................ 259
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
15 NGOs and Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan .................................. 281
Amir Nawaz Khan and Amjad Ali
16 Urban Risk and Reduction Approaches in Pakistan ........................... 295
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
17 Disaster and Climate Change Education in Pakistan .......................... 315
Atta-Ur-Rahman and Rajib Shaw
18 Financing for Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan ............................. 337
Mohammad Aslam Khan and Samiullah
19 Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan ..................... 361
Amir Nawaz Khan and Mushtaq Ahmad Jan
20 Gender and Disaster Risk Reduction in Pakistan ................................ 379
Samiullah , Atta-Ur-Rahman , and Rajib Shaw
Contributors
Shamshad Akhtar Department of Geography , University of Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan
Amjad Ali C enter for Disaster Preparedness and Management, U niversity of
Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Atta-Ur-Rahman I nstitute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning,
University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Mohammad Heidarzadeh Earthquake Research Institute , The University of
Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
Mushtaq Ahmad Jan C entre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, U niversity
of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Amir Nawaz Khan C entre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, U niversity
of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Mohammad Aslam Khan I nstitute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning,
University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Muhammad Younis Khan N ational Center of Excellence in Geology, U niversity
of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Shah Nawaz Khan Center for Disaster Preparedness and Management , University
of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Gohar Rehman Department of Geology , University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Samiullah Department of Geography , Government Science Superior College ,
Peshawar , Pakistan
Muhammad Shafi que N ational Center of Excellence in Geology, U niversity of
Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
Rajib Shaw G raduate School of Global Environmental Studies, K yoto University,
Kyoto , Japan
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