Disability, Human Rights, and Information Technology PDF
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Disability, Human Rights, and Information Technology PENNSYLVANIA STUDIES IN HUMAN RIGHTS Bert B. Lockwood, Jr., Series Editor A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. DISABILITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Edited by Jonathan Lazar and Michael Ashley Stein UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA Copyright © 2017 University of Pennsylvania Press All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher. Published by University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 - 4112 www . upenn . edu / pennpress Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A Cataloging-in-Publication record is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-8122-4923-1 CONTENTS Foreword H. E. Ambassador Luis Gallegos ix Introduction 1 Jonathan Lazar and Michael Ashley Stein PART I. PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSION 1. Standards Bodies, Access to Information Technology, and Human Rights 11 Judy Brewer 2. Accessible ICTs and the Opening of Po liti cal Space for Persons with Disabilities 24 Janet E. Lord 3. Web Accessibility for People with Cognitive Disabilities: A Legal Right? 41 Peter Blanck 4. Th e Intersection of Human Rights, Social Justice, the Internet, and Accessibility in Libraries: Access, Education, and Inclusion 58 Paul T. Jaeger, Brian Wentz, and John Carlo Bertot PART II. GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCE 5. Public Financing of Information Technology and Human Rights for People with Disabilities 73 Deborah Kaplan vi Contents 6. Using Provincial Laws to Drive a National Agenda: Connecting Human Rights and Disability Rights Laws 94 Ravi Malhotra and Megan A. Rusciano 7. Access to Justice 111 Fredric I. Lederer 8. Open Government and Digital Accessibility 125 Timothy Elder PART III. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES 9. E- Books and Human Rights 143 Jim Fruchterman 10. Accessibility and Online Learning 158 Mary J. Ziegler and David Sloan 11. Who Owns Captioning? 182 Raja Kushalnagar 12. Information Privacy and Security as a Human Right for People with Disabilities 199 Jonathan Lazar, Brian Wentz, and Marco Winckler 13. How Does Inaccessible Gaming Lead to Social Exclusion? 212 Joyram Chakraborty PART IV. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 14. Th e Pivot Model of Policy Entrepreneurship: An Application of Eu ro pean Ideas in the Global South 227 G. Anthony Giannoumis, Mirriam Nthenge, and Jorge Manhique 15. Th e Accessibility Infrastructure and the Global South 244 Joyojeet Pal Contents vii 16. ICT Access, Disability Human Rights, and Social Inclusion in India 263 Sanjay S. Jain Notes 279 Contributors 327 Index 339 This page intentionally left blank FOREWORD H. E. Ambassador Luis Gallegos Information and communication technology (ICT) is changing our world. Ubiquitous mobile telephony, tele vi sion, computers, tablets, soft ware, web- sites, the Internet of Th ings, electronic kiosks, and digital interfaces of home or offi ce appliances have transformed the way human beings communicate, learn, work, and play around the world— not only in the developed North but also among countries in the developing South. And while the availability of sophisticated information technology used to be restricted to governments and the corporate world, billions of individ- ual users benefi t from it today. I personally was educated with paper and pencils, but today, with my family spread around the globe, instant electronic free communications are a daily real ity. Th ese would have been unthinkable only a few years ago. On a given day I interact from Quito, Ec ua dor, with Eu rope, the Amer i cas, and Asia. Th is collection of essays that Jonathan Lazar and Michael Ashley Stein have coedited, Disability, Human Rights, and Information Technology, comes at a very impor tant and timely moment in the quest for inclusive socie ties. It underlines the imperative to ensure equal access to ICTs among the one bil- lion persons living with disabilities around the world. Th e challenge is obvi- ous: can anyone participate equally in society today without being able to communicate with a mobile phone, watch impor tant news on TV, have ac- cess to emergency communications, or use a computer, e- reader, ATM, or website? Are there any activities, from work to education or justice, that can be conducted without interfacing with ICTs? As is abundantly demonstrated in this book, ICTs can pres ent insur- mountable barriers for persons with disabilities or, to the contrary, can off er unprec e dented solutions to accommodate persons with sensorial, cog- nitive, or physical limitations. Th e good news is that there are solutions
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