Disability and Aging Discrimination: Perspectives in Law and Psychology PDF
Preview Disability and Aging Discrimination: Perspectives in Law and Psychology
Disability and Aging Discrimination · Richard L. Wiener Steven L. Willborn Editors Disability and Aging Discrimination Perspectives in Law and Psychology 123 Editors RichardL.Wiener StevenL.Willborn DepartmentofPsychology CollegeofLaw UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln 338BurnettHall 1875North42ndStreet Lincoln,NE68588-9296,USA Lincoln,NE68583-0902,USA [email protected] [email protected] ISBN978-1-4419-6292-8 e-ISBN978-1-4419-6293-5 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-6293-5 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010937666 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgments ThisvolumeistheproductoftheannualUniversityofNebraska-LincolnLawand PsychologyProgram“Think-Tank”conference.Eachyeartheprograminviteslegal scholarsandsocialscientiststopresentpapersanddiscusscutting-edgescholarship inaspecificareaofinterdisciplinaryinvestigationattheintersectionofpsychology and law. University of Nebraska-Lincoln faculty and associates add commentary from both legal and social science perspectives. The Office of the Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs designated the Law and Psychology Program at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln as a university “program of excellence” and awarded the program funding to conduct the series of “Think-Tank” conferences. SpringerPublishingCompanypublishestheproceedingsoftheconferences,eachin aseparatevolume.Thisisthefourthvolumeintheseries.TheLawandPsychology program wishes to thank the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and especially the Office of the Senior Vice Chancellor for their continued support of this series and ourinterdisciplinaryprogram. v Contents 1 Finding the Assumptions in the Law: Social Analytic Jurisprudence,Disability,andAgingWorkers . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RichardL.WienerandStacieNicholsKeller PartI AgingandDiscrimination 2 Ageism:TheStrangeCaseofPrejudice AgainsttheOlderYou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ToddD.Nelson 3 DisabilityandAging:HistoricalandContemporaryViews . . . . 49 PeterBlanck 4 TheAgingWorkforceandPaidTimeOff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 GillianLester 5 BabyBoomersatWork:GrowingOlderandWorkingMore . . . 93 EveM.Brank PartII DisabilityandDiscrimination 6 TheRelationshipBetweenDisabilityDiscrimination andAgeDiscriminationinWorkers’Compensation . . . . . . . . 109 JohnF.Burton,Jr. 7 TheStigmaofDisabilitiesandtheAmericans withDisabilitiesAct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 MichaelSelmi 8 Age and Disability Within the Scope of American DiscriminationLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 StewartJ.SchwabandGarthGlissman 9 ImplicitAttitudesandDiscriminationAgainstPeople withPhysicalDisabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 JohnF.Dovidio,LisaPagotto,andMichelleR.Hebl vii viii Contents 10 Cross-CulturalPerspectivesonStigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 CynthiaWillisEsqueda 11 DisabilityandProceduralFairnessintheWorkplace . . . . . . . 205 LarryHeuer 12 ProceduralJusticeandtheStructureoftheAge andDisabilityLaws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 StevenL.Willborn 13 ASocialPsychologicalPerspectiveofDisabilityPrejudice . . . . . 249 SarahJ.Gervais Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Contributors PeterBlanckBurtonBlattInstitute–SyracuseUniversity,Syracuse,NY13244, USA,[email protected] EveM.BrankDepartmentofPsychology,Law-PsychologyProgram,University ofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,NE68588-3328,USA,[email protected] JohnF.Burton,Jr.SchoolofManagementandLaborRelations(SMLR),Rutgers University:TheStateUniversityofNewJersey,Princeton,NJ08540-9416,USA, [email protected] JohnF.DovidioDepartmentofPsychology,YaleUniversity,NewHaven,CT 06520-8205,USA,[email protected] CynthiaWillisEsquedaDepartmentofPsychology,InstituteofEthnicStudies, UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,NE68588-0308,USA, [email protected] SarahJ.GervaisPsychologyDepartment,UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln,NE68588-0308,USA,[email protected] GarthGlissmanKutakRockLLP,TheOmahaBuilding,Omaha,NE68102-2186, USA,[email protected] MichelleR.HeblDepartmentofPsychology,RiceUniversity-MS205,Houston, TX77005,USA,[email protected] LarryHeuerDepartmentofPsychology,BarnardCollege,ColumbiaUniversity, NewYork,NY10027-6598,USA,[email protected] StacieNicholsKellerUniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,NE,USA GillianLesterU.C.BerkeleySchoolofLaw,BoaltHall,Berkeley,CA 94720-7200,USA,[email protected] ToddD.NelsonDepartmentofPsychology,CaliforniaStateUniversity– StanislausTurlock,Turlock,CA95382,USA,[email protected] ix x Contributors LisaPagottoDipartimentodiPsicologiaApplicata,UniversitàdegliStudidi Padova,35131Padova,Italy StewartJ.SchwabCornellLawSchool,Ithaca,NY14853-4901,USA, [email protected] MichaelSelmiGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool,Washington,DC 20052,USA,[email protected] RichardL.WienerUniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,NE,USA, [email protected] StevenL.WillbornCollegeofLaw,UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,NE 68583-0902,USA,[email protected] Chapter 1 Finding the Assumptions in the Law: Social Analytic Jurisprudence, Disability, and Aging Workers RichardL.WienerandStacieNicholsKeller Analysisofthecurrentstateofresearchindisabilityandagediscriminationinthe workplace shows a field that is lacking in theoretical organization. The literature remains scattered and therefore lacking in solid conclusions about the presence or effect of discriminationintheworkplace because of thesefactors.This discussion encouragestheuseofsocialanalyticjurisprudencetoguidefutureresearchinthese areas and to serve better those who can use the research findings to effect change in the workplace. After reviewing recent changes in the law in areas of age and disabilitydiscrimination,theauthorsidentifygapsinlegalassumptionsandrecom- mendempiricalresearchthatwouldhelpreplacetheseholeswithknowledgeabout howpeoplereacttoolderanddisabledworkers. Thischapterservesasanintroductiontothisvolume,andstandingbyitselflooks at the problems of aging and disability at work from a unique point of view. The chapter and, indeed, the remainder of the volume do not focus on the general lit- eratures on aging and disability but instead examine these issues from the lens of legal discrimination and, particularly, discrimination in employment law. The cur- rent chapter offers a perspective on the psychology of discrimination toward the agedanddisabledthatfirstexaminessomeoftheexistingempiricalwork,ultimately fitting it into a framework that takes its structure from the law of discrimination. Moreimportantly,itgoesontomakesomerecommendationsfornewresearchthat will address more directly some of the controversies that are active and current in the law. The perspective is one of action research in which the goal of both social scienceandlegalanalysisistoclarifywhatdoesanddoesnotconstitutediscrimina- tionatworkandwhethertheresultisconsistentwiththeempiricalrealityofaging anddiscrimination. Therefore,thisessayandallthepapersinthisvolumeselectivelyconsiderareas of research with an eye toward determining what those literatures currently say aboutlegaldiscriminationorwhattheymightsayinthefuturewithadditionaldata collection. The current chapter begins with a description of the research on aging B R.L.Wiener( ) UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,NE68588-0308,USA e-mail:[email protected] R.L.Wiener,S.L.Willborn(eds.),DisabilityandAgingDiscrimination, 1 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-6293-5_1,(cid:2)C SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2011 2 R.L.WienerandS.N.Keller and disability at work as an effort to document real and imagined limitations of age and disability that have implications for that environment. It then goes on to describesocialanalyticjurisprudence(Wiener&Hurt,1999;Wiener,1993),which is an approach to integrating social science and legal doctrine in a way that tests assumptionsthatthelawmakesabouthumanbehavior.Wehaveusedthisapproach toapplysocialscience(especiallypsychology)tolegalissuesinanumberofother areas including sexual harassment (Wiener, Cantone, Holtje, & Block-Lieb, 2009; Wieneretal.,2002;Wiener&Hurt,2000;Wiener&Winter,2007;Wiener,Winter, Rogers, & Arnot, 2004), criminal law (Wiener & Richter, 2008; Wiener, Arnot, Winter, & Redmond, 2006; Wiener et al., 2004), and most recently consumer bankruptcy (Block-Lieb, Wiener, Cantone, & Holtje, 2009; Wiener, Block-Lieb, Gross,&Baron-Donovan,2005;Wieneretal.,2006,2007). Thechapterappliesthemodelofsocialanalyticjurisprudencetoageanddisabil- ity discrimination in the workplace focusing on disparate treatment or intentional theories of legal discrimination, thereby pointing out the ways in which empirical analysiscanaddtoshapingandclarifyingthelaw.Thisanalysisincludessomecases thatillustratetheissuesthatthesocialanalyticframeworkhelpstoidentify.Eachof thechaptersinthisvolumethatfollowsthisoneattempttointegratesocialscientific analysisandtheorywiththelegalissuesrelatedtoageanddisabilitydiscrimination. Each chapter stands alone but each also adds a piece to the final mosaic that we hopepaintsaninnovativeviewofhowsocialscienceandlawintersecttohelpusto understandproblemsofdiscriminationatworkthatarelikelytobecomeevenmore prevalentasworkersgrowolderandultimately(andunfortunately)experiencemore disability. EmpiricalDocumentationofExistingBiasesandLimitations AgeandtheWorkforce In general, research into prejudice and bias due to race, ethnicity, and gender has producedavastliterature,whichcoversmanydifferenttypesofbiasagainstdiverse populations in a variety of contexts. It is therefore surprising to find that studies of the experiences, attitudes, and behaviors of aging and disabled individuals at work are much less developed. While there are studies that examine these issues, this modest literature is not as organized or driven in a strong theoretical manner as is the research literature in many of the other areas of bias, prejudice, and dis- crimination.Withrespecttoageismmoregenerally,theextantliteraturedocuments that many Americans hold inaccurate and negative stereotypes against older peo- ple (Falk & Falk, 1997; Hendricks, 2005; Nelson, 2002; Palmore, 1999; Palmore, Branch,&Harris,2005)viewingthemassenile,sad,lonely,poor,sexless,ill,depen- dent,demented,anddisabled(McGuire,Klein,&Chen,2008).Furthermore,many workerscometointernalizethesestereotypessothattheyexpectthattheseattributes willdescribethemduringtheirownaging(Harris,2005).
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