Diptera diversity : status, challenges and tools PDF
Preview Diptera diversity : status, challenges and tools
Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools HOUSEOFGRAPHICS Cover montage based on photograph by Philippe Verdon. Back cover photograph by Albert Szappanos. Layout and cover design by Grafikhuset (House of Graphics), Denmark, www.grafikhuset.net Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools Edited by Thomas Pape Daniel Bickel Rudolf Meier LEIDEN (cid:129) BOSTON 2009 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Diptera diversity : status, challenges, and tools / edited by Thomas Pape, Daniel Bickel, Rudolf Meier. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-14897-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Diptera—Variation. 2. Diptera—Classification. 3. Diptera—Geographical distribution. I. Pape, Thomas. II. Bickel, Daniel J. III. Meier, Rudolf, 1963- IV. Title. QL531.D47 2009 595.77—dc22 2009004465 ISBN 978 90 04 14897 0 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands T Table of conTenTs foreword Xiii Quentin D. Wheeler conTribuTors XVii secTion i: regional diVersiTy of diPTera Chapter One nearcTic diPTera: TwenTy years laTer 3 F. Christian Thompson Introduction 3 Past 7 Fauna 1 1 Resources 1 8 Research Program 2 4 Summary 2 7 Acknowledgements 2 7 References 36 diptera diversity: status, Challenges and Tools (eds T. Pape, d. Bickel & R. Meier). © 2009 Koninklijke Brill nV. Vi Chapter Two Hawaii’s diPTera biodiVersiTy 4 7 Neal L. Evenhuis Introduction 4 7 Part 1. Biogeography and Diversity of the Hawaiian Diptera Fauna 4 7 Background 4 7 Origin of the Hawaiian Fauna 4 9 Diversity of the Hawaiian Diptera Fauna 5 0 Biogeographic Affinities of the Hawaiian Diptera Fauna 5 9 Threats to the Fauna 6 1 Part 2. History and Future of Hawaiian Dipterology 6 3 History of Collections 6 3 Collecting Methods 6 4 Inventorying the Data 6 6 Future of Hawaiian Diptera Biodiversity 6 6 Acknowledgements 6 7 References 6 8 Chapter Three neoTroPical diPTera diVersiTy: ricHness, PaTTerns, and PersPecTiVes 7 1 Dalton de Souza Amorim Introduction 7 1 Neotropical Region: Delimitation and Complexity 7 1 Neotropical Diptera Richness 7 6 Diptera Families Absent from or Poorly Represented in the Neotropical Region 7 8 Endemic or Near-Endemic Families in the Neotropics 8 0 Fossil Dipterans in the Neotropics 8 0 Biogeographic Patterns in Neotropical Tropical Forests 8 3 Highly Diverse Areas in the Neotropical Region 8 6 Perspectives and Needs 8 7 Acknowledgements 8 9 References 9 0 diptera diversity: status, Challenges and Tools (eds T. Pape, d. Bickel & R. Meier). © 2009 Koninklijke Brill nV. Vii Chapter four diPTeran biodiVersiTy of THe galáPagos 9 8 Bradley J. Sinclair Introduction 9 8 Part 1. Biogeography and Diversity of the Galápagos Diptera Fauna 9 8 Physical Environment 9 8 Origin of the Galápagos Fauna 103 Diversity of the Galápagos Diptera Fauna 104 Biogeographic Affinities of the Galápagos Diptera Fauna 111 Threats to the Fauna 111 Part 2. History and Future of Galápagos Dipterology 114 History of Collections 114 Collecting Methods 115 Inventorying the Data 115 Future of Dipteran Biodiversity of the Galápagos 116 Acknowledgements 116 References 117 Chapter five PalaearcTic diPTera — from Tundra To deserT 121 Thomas Pape Introduction 121 Geology and Biogeography 121 Taxonomic History 123 Total Estimated Fauna 127 Special Features of the Fauna 127 Collecting Palaearctic Diptera 136 Means of Identification 140 Recent Bioinformatics Initiatives 141 Conservation 143 Acknowledgements 144 References 145 Chapter six afroTroPical diPTera — ricH saVannas, Poor rainforesTs 155 Ashley H. Kirk-Spriggs & Brian R. Stuckenberg Introduction 155 Extent of the Afrotropical Region 157 diptera diversity: status, Challenges and Tools (eds T. Pape, d. Bickel & R. Meier). © 2009 Koninklijke Brill nV. Viii South African Complexities 158 Rostrum Elongation as a Notable Adaptation in the Diptera of the Cape Flora 158 Namibia: Deserts and Arid Savannas 159 The Rainforests 163 Afromontane Biome 165 Arid Coasts 166 Savanna 166 Madagascar 167 Afrotropical Faunistics 168 Estimate of Total Afrotropical Diptera Fauna 170 Comparison to Other Zoogeographic Regions 171 Endemic Afrotropical Families 172 Some Absent Families 175 Largest Afrotropical Families 175 Least Known Families in the Afrotropics 175 Notable Taxonomic Growth 176 Best Known and Collected Countries 176 Possible Gondwanan Elements in the Afrotropical Diptera 177 Innovations in the Bioinventory of Africa’s Diptera 182 Acknowledgements 188 References 189 Chapter seven orienTal diPTera, a cHallenge in diVersiTy and TaXonomy 197 Patrick Grootaert Introduction 197 Boundaries and a Few Definitions 198 Origin of the Oriental Region 200 Biomes 204 History of Taxonomy in the Region 205 Diversity and the Number of Species per Family 206 Diversity and the Poor Sampling Effort: A Case Study of Elaphropeza (Empidoidea, Hybotidae) 208 Hotspots 210 Regional Diversity and Endemics 211 Southeast Asia 214 Biogeographical Patterns 215 diptera diversity: status, Challenges and Tools (eds T. Pape, d. Bickel & R. Meier). © 2009 Koninklijke Brill nV. iX Circumtropical Species 218 Disjunctive Distributions and Glaciations 219 Mangroves, an Underestimated Source of Biodiversity 220 General Conclusions and Challenges 222 Acknowledgements 222 References 223 Chapter eight diVersiTy, relaTionsHiPs and biogeograPHy of ausTralian flies 227 David K. Yeates, Daniel Bickel, David K. McAlpine & Don H. Colless Introduction 227 The Australian Continent 227 The Australian Fauna 229 Total Estimated Fauna 229 Special Features of the Fauna 231 Biogeography 235 Affinities and History of the Australian Diptera 235 Ecological Biogeography of the Australian Fauna 246 Ecological and Economic Importance 248 Morphology and Behaviour 249 Future Directions 249 References 251 Chapter nine biogeograPHy of diPTera in THe souTHwesT Pacific 257 Daniel Bickel Introduction 257 General Regional Considerations 260 Specific Regions 263 Summary 270 Acknowledgements 271 References 271 diptera diversity: status, Challenges and Tools (eds T. Pape, d. Bickel & R. Meier). © 2009 Koninklijke Brill nV. X secTion ii: diPTera biodiVersiTy: case sTudies, ecological aPProacHes and esTimaTion Chapter Ten wHy Hilara is noT amusing: THe Problem of oPen-ended TaXa and THe limiTs of TaXonomic Knowledge 279 Daniel Bickel Introduction 279 Examples of Open-Ended Taxa in the Diptera 281 Discussion 293 Summary 297 Acknowledgements 297 References 298 Chapter eleven diPTera as ecological indicaTors of HabiTaT and HabiTaT cHange 302 Marc Pollet Introduction 302 Criteria 303 Taxonomic Criteria 304 Biogeographic Criteria 305 Biological Criteria 306 Logistic Criteria 307 Sensitivity to Environmental Alterations 308 How to Use Ecological Indicators in Nature Conservation? 311 Discussion 314 Acknowledgements 317 References 318 Chapter Twelve biodiVersiTy researcH based on TaXonomic reVisions — a Tale of unrealized oPPorTuniTies 323 Torsten Dikow, Rudolf Meier, Gaurav G. Vaidya & Jason G. H. Londt Introduction 323 Taxonomic Revisions: How Much Information is Available? 325 Use of Specimen Data for Comparing the Biodiversity of Conservation Areas 326 Use of Specimen Data for Proposing Red Lists 334 diptera diversity: status, Challenges and Tools (eds T. Pape, d. Bickel & R. Meier). © 2009 Koninklijke Brill nV.
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