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Diplomats in Blue: U.S. Naval Officers in China, 1922-1933 PDF

427 Pages·2009·4.438 MB·English
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Diplomats in Blue New Perspectives on Maritime History and Nautical Archaeology University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola New Perspectives on Maritime History Industrializing American Shipbuilding: The Transforma- and Nautical Archaeology tion of Ship Design and Construction, 1820–1920, by Edited by James C. Bradford and Gene Allen Smith William H. Thiesen (2006) Admiral Lord Keith and the Naval War Against Napoleon, Maritime Heritage of the Cayman Islands, by Roger C. by Kevin D. McCranie (2006) Smith (1999; first paperback edition, 2000) Commodore John Rodgers: Paragon of the Early American The Three German Navies: Dissolution, Transition, and Navy, by John H. Schroeder (2006) New Beginnings, 1945–1960, by Douglas C. Peifer Borderland Smuggling; Patriots, Loyalists, and Illicit (2002) Trade in the Northeast, 1783–1820, by Joshua M. Smith The Rescue of the Gale Runner: Death, Heroism, and the (2006) U.S. Coast Guard, by Dennis L. Noble (2002); first Brutality on Trial: “Hellfire” Pedersen, “Fighting” Hansen, paperback edition, 2008 and The Seamen’s Act of 1915, by E. Kay Gibson (2006) Brown Water Warfare: The U.S. Navy in Riverine Warfare Uriah Levy: Reformer of the Antebellum Navy, by Ira Dye and the Emergence of a Tactical Doctrine, 1775–1970, (2006) by R. Blake Dunnavent (2003) Crisis at Sea: The United States Navy in European Waters Sea Power in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Catalan- in World War I, by William N. 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Capelotti (2005) Attack Transport: USS Charles Carroll in World War II, by X Marks the Spot: The Archaeology of Piracy, edited by Kenneth H. Goldman (2008) Russell K. Skowronek Charles R. Ewen (2006, first Diplomats in Blue: U.S. Naval Officers in China, 1922– paperback edition 2007) 1933, by William Reynolds Braisted (2009) Diplomats in Blue U.S. Naval Officers in China, 1922–1933 William Reynolds Braisted Foreword by James C. Bradford and Gene Allen Smith University Press of Florida Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers/Sarasota Copyright 2009 by William Reynolds Braisted All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Braisted, William Reynolds. Diplomats in blue : U.S. naval officers in China, 1922/1933 / William Reynolds Bra- isted ; foreword by James C. Bradford and Gene Allen Smith. p. cm. — (New perspectives on maritime history and nautical archaeology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-3288-7 (alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8130-3995-4 (e-book) 1. United States—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—Foreign relations—United States. 3. United States—Foreign relations—1923–1929. 4. United States—Foreign relations—1929–1933. 5. United States—History, Naval—20th century. 6. United States. Navy—History. 7. Pacific Ocean—History, Naval. 8. Pacific Area—History, Naval. I. Title. E183.8.C5B67 2008 327.7305109'04—dc22 2008027420 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Contents List of Illustrations vii Foreword ix Preface xi Part I. The U.S. Navy and Contending Warlords 1 1. The Navy in the Far East 3 2. The Canton Customs Crisis 23 3. The Main Gate: Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta 30 4. The Navy and the May 30th Incident of 1925 and After 39 5. Shameen and South China 49 6. The Upper Yangtze 65 Part II. The U.S. Navy and the Rise of the Nationalists 99 7. Explosions on the Yangtze, 1926 101 8. 1927: A Year of Decision 113 9. The Nanking Incident of 1927 131 10. After Nanking 140 11. Calls to the North 154 12. An Admiral Diplomat in Command 166 13. The Navy and a Still Disunited China 186 14. The Navy and “China United” 199 Part III. The U.S. Navy and the Confrontation between China and Japan 225 15. Crumbling Foreign Collaboration 227 16. The Shanghai Incident 245 17. The Shanghai Incident: The Gathering Storm 265 18. The Navy behind “Big Stick” Diplomacy in 1932 278 19. The Shanghai Incident: After Hostilities 293 20. Sequels to the Shanghai Incident 312 21. Communist Unrest and Japanese Aggression 324 Afterword 343 Epilogue by James C. Bradford 347 Appendix: U.S. Naval Commanders in China, 1922–1930 351 Notes 353 Bibliography 387 Index 395 Illustrations 1.1. Admiral Joseph Strauss 5 14.4. Rear Admiral Thomas T. Craven 211 1.2. Destroyer Hulbert 9 14.5. Gunboat Luzon 212 2.1. Gunboat Asheville 24 15.1. Heavy cruiser Houston 228 2.2. Gunboat Helena 27 16.1. U.S. sailors guarding the checkpoint on 4.1. Gunboat Palos 45 the Shanghai Bund 246 5.1. Gunboat Pampanga 50 17.1. Traffic-clogged Soochow Creek 270 6.1. Gunboat Quiros 67 18.1. Aircraft carrier Lexington 279 6.2. View of Yangtze River gorges 72 19.1. Asiatic Fleet destroyers at Chefoo 294 7.1. Yacht Isabel 110 19.2. Sailors in Swatow 295 8.1. Minesweeper Pigeon 114 20.1. Heavy cruiser Augusta off the Shanghai 8.3. U.S. Navy sailors heading to Shanghai 117 Bund 322 9.1. Gunboat Elcano and U.S. Asiatic Fleet 20.2. Light cruiser Marblehead 323 destroyers 132 21.1. Submarine Squadron Five at Tsingtao 10.1. Rear Admiral Henry H. Hough and 330 Lieutenant Commander Glenn F. Howell 21.2. Admiral Montgomery Meigs Taylor, 150 Minister and Mrs. Nelson T. Johnson, 11.1. Admiral Clarence S. Williams and and Captain Frank Jack Fletcher 331 Brigadier General Smedley Butler 155 12.1. Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Rear Maps Admiral Yates Stirling inspecting the landing force 173 1.3. China coast and Yangtze River basin 13 13.1. Gunboat Monocacy 187 3.1. Shanghai concessions 31 13.2. Minesweeper Penguin 189 5.2. Canton and Shameen 51 14.1. Rear Admiral Charles B. McVay Jr. 200 8.2. Hankow 114 14.2. Heavy cruiser Pittsburgh 201 11.2. Peking and Tientsin 156 14.3. Gunboat Mindanao 209 11.3. Foreign concessions at Tientsin 157 Foreword Water is unquestionably the most impor- the north, west, and south. During the cen- tant natural feature on earth. By volume the tury following independence, citizens focused world’s oceans compose 99 percent of the on achieving unity at home and security for planet’s living space; in fact, the surface of the the new nation in the caldron of European Pacific Ocean alone is larger than that of the wars. total land bodies. Water is as vital to life as During the nineteenth century, as Anglo- air; indeed, to test whether the moon or other American settlers spread across the North planets can sustain life, NASA looks for signs American continent, their merchants and of water. The story of human development is missionaries established links in the distant inextricably linked to the oceans, seas, lakes, corners of the wider world. Protection of and rivers that dominate the earth’s sur- far-flung American interests fell to the infant face. The University Press of Florida’s series U.S. Navy, which stationed six tiny squadrons New Perspectives on Maritime History and in regions most frequented by American citi- Nautical Archaeology is devoted to explor- zens. Most important during the antebellum ing the significance of the earth’s water while era were those that patrolled the Mediter- providing lively and important books that ranean Sea (to counter Barbary corsairs) and cover the spectrum of maritime history and the waters of Latin America, where wars of nautical archaeology broadly defined. The independence and conflicts among the newly series includes works that focus on the role independent nations brought turmoil that of canals, rivers, lakes, and oceans in history; endangered American lives and properties. At on the economic, military, and political use of the beginning of the twentieth century, Asia those waters; and upon the people, commu- emerged as the focus of American overseas nities, and industries that support maritime interests, and the Asiatic Squadron (renamed endeavors. Limited by neither geography nor the Asiatic Fleet in 1901) assumed preemi- time, volumes in the series contribute to the nence among U.S. naval forces. The Asiatic overall understanding of maritime history Fleet—precursor to the Pacific Fleet of World and can be read with profit by both general War II and the Seventh Fleet of the late twen- readers and specialists. tieth and twenty-first centuries—headquar- Few Americans of the twenty-first century tered in the U.S.-owned Philippine Islands, can remember a time when the United States even though most of the vessels assigned to was not a world power, but such was not the it operated on the coast and in the rivers of case less than a century ago. For a century China. and a half after settlement, the English-speak- William Braisted has devoted a lifetime ing colonies of North America contended for to the study of U.S. naval forces in Asiatic their survival against an unreceptive natural waters. Two previous volumes examine the environment, hostile Native Americans, and Navy’s execution of American policy in the aggressive French and Spanish settlements to western Pacific between 1897 and 1922. This

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