Dioxin-Environmental Fate and Health/Ecological Consequences PDF
Preview Dioxin-Environmental Fate and Health/Ecological Consequences
Dioxin Dioxin Environmental Fate and Health/Ecological Consequences Editors Sudarshan Kurwadkar Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA Prabir K. Mandal Edward Waters College, Jacksonville, FL, USA Shivani Soni College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2020Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK TypesetbyApexCoVantage,LLC Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedherein maybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans, electronic, mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise, without writtenpriorpermissionfromthepublishers. Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublicationand theinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthor for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdata Appliedfor Publishedby:CRCPress/Balkema Schipholweg107C,2316XCLeiden,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN:978-1-138-04724-2(Hbk) ISBN:978-1-315-17096-1(eBook) DOI:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315170961 Contents Preface vii About the editors ix Occurrence, fate, and distribution of dioxin in the environment 1 1 Dioxin: history, environmental occurrence, and human health and ecological consequences 3 SUDARSHANKURWADKAR 2 Atmospheric fate and transport of dioxins – persistent organic pollutants 23 SWATIBAJAJ,INDRAKANTKUMARSINGHANDDILEEPKUMARSINGH 3 Polychlorinated biphenyl in sediments of Subarnarekha River: levels, temporal and spatial distribution, feasible sources, and inventory 35 BALRAMAMBADE,BASANTSHUBHANKAR,SUDARSHANKURWADKAR, AMITKUMAR,SANTOSHKUMARVERMA,SARITAGAJBHIYEMESHRAM, CHANDRASHEKHARMESHRAMANDSONUKUMARGOYAL 4 Ecological threats of dioxin in soil 57 GULNAZT.JAVAN,CIGDEMYANGIN-GOMECANDSHEREEJ.FINLEY 5 Dioxin in food 71 PERUGINIMONIAANDDANIELAZEZZA Toxicity of dioxin: implication for human health & the environment 81 6 Dioxin – exposure routes, pathways, and human health implications 83 PALLEESHREE,MOHITKUMAR,INDRAKANTKUMARSINGH ANDDILEEPKUMARSINGH vi Contents vi 7 The epigenetic effects of dioxins 113 SIMONEO.HEYLIGERANDMARILYND.SAULSBURY 8 Dioxins and cancer: detailed insight into the mechanism 129 GULNAZJAVAN,SHEREEFINLEY,ASHIMMALHOTRAANDSHIVANISONI 9 Ecological risk of dioxin exposure 143 KUSHNEETKAURSODHI,MOHITKUMAR,PALLEESHREE, INDRAKANTKUMARSINGHANDDILEEPKUMARSINGH Remediation of dioxin: past, present, and future 155 10 Dioxin, a serious environmental threat: methods of removal 157 GOMAAA.M.ALI,MILADCHAHARDORIANDHAMIDREZASADEGH 11 A review of health hazards and remediation techniques of dioxins 165 SADAFFATIMAANDMD.OSAIDALAM 12 Environmental risks and bioremediation of dioxins 209 MANDEEPDADHWAL,POONAMSHARMAANDINDRAKANTKUMARSINGH Index 223 Preface The occurrence ofavariety ofhazardouspollutants in environmental matricesisroutinely documentedinthescientificjournals.Often,suchinformationremainsconfinedtojournals, unless exposure to hazardous pollutants, and subsequent impacts on human health and the environment, gain widespread public attention. While working as an Environmental Engi- neer with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources – Division of Environmental Quality, I learned about the widespread contamination and subsequent evacuation of the dioxin-contaminated city of Times Beach (aka present-day Route 66 State Park), St Louis County, Missouri. The magnitude of dioxin contamination and human health expo- suregeneratedrenewedfocusonmanagingthepollutionfrompersistentorganicpollutants such as dioxin. Now, more than three decades later, exposure to dioxin and its impact on human health is still a concern. The high persistence of dioxin in environmental matrices means that they are stable towards degradation, have high bioaccumulation potential, and likely to enter the food web. Though the use of dioxin is significantly reduced, continued exposure to dioxin is being reported primarily from past dioxin contamination. Dioxins represent a family of highly toxic and persistent organic pollutants that have severehumanhealthimplications. Dioxinanddioxin-likecompoundsarenotintentionally produced; instead, they are the by-products of industrial processes, such as the production of specific organic chemicals, metals smelting, and refining. Furthermore, combustion of organic compounds, such as municipal waste, hazardous waste, medical waste, and com- pounds containing chlorophenols also produces dioxins. According to the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency (USEPA), even the backyard burning of waste material is knowntoproducehigherlevelsofdioxinscomparedtothecontrolledcombustioninareg- ulated facility. According to one estimate, there are 210 possible congeners in the dioxin familythatincludes75polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxinand135polychlorinateddibenzo- furanswitheachformhavingdifferentphysicalandchemicalproperties.Historically,even though thetotal environmental release of dioxinsis onthedecline dueto stringent regula- tions, the routes and exposure to dioxin and its toxicity is still a cause for concern. The toxicity associated with dioxin, its persistence, and the magnitude of its usage is almost at par with that of the legacy chemicals like DDT. Dioxin and dioxin-like com- pounds are so toxic that there is no baseline or threshold below which it will not cause cancer.Itisthisfactthatismostconcerning.Humanexposuretodioxinordioxin-likecom- poundsoccursthroughvariousroutesandpathways.Ingestionofdioxin-contaminatedfish, meat,anddairyproductsisoneofthesignificantexposurepathways.Over-dependenceon theseproductswillleadtowidespreadexposuretothesecompounds.Accordingtooneesti- mate,adultsintheUnitedStatesreceive42%ofthetoxicequivalentofdioxinthroughthe viii Preface viii dietary intake of freshwater fish, beef, and dairy products. Given the magnitude of the exposure and toxicity of the dioxin, it is imperative that readers should know the state of scientific know-how on dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. Thebookprovidesthereaderwithaholisticunderstandingofthemostnotoriouslytoxic compound dioxin. It will give the reader an in-depth toxicological profile about human health consequences, and it also will walk the reader through various routes and exposure pathwaysofdioxinanddioxin-likecompounds.Thebookisdesignedinthreesections.The firstsectiondocumentstheoccurrenceofdioxininvariousmatrices,suchasair,water,soil, and food while the second section deals with the toxicity of dioxin and its implication to human health and ecology. The last section of the book deals with the remediation tech- niquesforremovalofdioxinfromtheaqueousandterrestrialenvironment.Dioxinisaper- sistent organic pollutant, its occurrence and exposure are almost imminent, requiring its removal from the environment. We hope you will find the sequential arrangement of book chapters enjoyable to read. We designed this book in a way that will primarily addresstheneedsofavarietyofdisciplines,includingchemistry,biochemistry,toxicology, environmental science, environmental health, and environmental engineers. We enjoyed putting this book together and hope that you will find it helpful. Sudarshan Kurwadkar Prabir Mandal Shivani Soni About the editors Dr.SudarshanKurwadkarisanAssociateProfessorintheCivilandEnvironmentalEngi- neeringDepartmentatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Fullerton.Beforestartinghisacademic career,heworkedasanEnvironmentalEngineerwiththeMissouriDepartmentofNatural Resources’ Division of Environmental Quality. His research interests are in the broadly definedareaoffateandtransportofemergingcontaminantsintheaquaticandterrestrial environment. His ongoing research involves the occurrence and persistence of neonico- tinoidinsecticides,whichisthehotlydebatedtopicintheworld.HeisaBoardCertified Environmental Engineer and a licensed Professional Engineer in many states. He is a recipientofseveralawards,scholarshipsandfellowshipsincluding,TeachingExcellence Award;OutstandingFacultyAdvisorAward(LosAngelesSection);OutstandingFaculty AdvisorAward(OrangeCountySection);ExcellenceinScholarlyandCreativeActivities Award; Chi-Epsilon Scholarship for academic excellence; ASEE Early Career Award; DOE Visiting Faculty Fellowship; Air Force Institute of Technology Summer Faculty Fellowship; John and Susan Mathes Doctoral Fellowship; and Global Initiative of Aca- demic Networks Fellowship. Dr. Kurwadkar is an ASCE Vice President for student affairsandservesontheBoardofDirectorsoftheLosAngelesASCESection.Heispop- ularlycalled‘Dr.K’andhighlyregardedbystudentsasafantasticadvisorwhoflawlessly mixes humor and academic rigor and makes learning a pleasantexperience. His dedica- tion to student success, personalized attention to student design teams, and student rapport is simply unparalleled. His commitment to student success is widely acknowl- edged. Besides teaching and research, he enjoys outdoor activities such as swimming, kayaking, biking, fishing, and long-distance traveling. He has driven cross-country from Los Angeles, CA to Kittery, ME, visiting major tourist attractions all along. Dr. Prabir K. Mandal, Ph.D. (Genetics) is a full Professor of Biology and Chair of the Department of Mathematics & Sciences at Edward Waters College, Jacksonville, FL. He has been awarded the Distinguished Professor of the College during 2012-2013 and President’s Ideal Faculty in 2010 for excellence in teaching, research, scholarship, service, adhering to policy and for taking the initiative to advance the college through program development. He also serves as a member of the steering committee for the Health Equity Research Institute and is a member of the Health Disparities Research Advisory Committee, Florida. Dr. Mandal is involved in curriculum reform, mentoring, andspearheadingnewinitiativesforAlliedHealtheducation,focusingontheunderserved minority population, specifically African-Americans in the State of Florida.
The list of books you might like
