Table Of Content

IETMATERIALS,CIRCUITSANDDEVICESSERIES40 Digitally Enhanced Mixed Signal Systems Othervolumesinthisseries: Volume2 AnalogueICDesign:Thecurrent-modeapproachC.Toumazou,F.J.Lidgeyand D.G.Haigh(Editors) Volume3 Analogue–Digital ASICs: Circuit techniques, design tools and applications R.S.Soin,F.MalobertiandJ.France(Editors) Volume4 Algorithmic and Knowledge-based CAD for VLSI G.E. Taylor and G. Russell (Editors) Volume5 SwitchedCurrents:AnanaloguetechniquefordigitaltechnologyC.Toumazou, J.B.C.HughesandN.C.Battersby(Editors) Volume6 High-FrequencyCircuitEngineeringF.Nibleretal. Volume8 Low-PowerHigh-FrequencyMicroelectronics:AunifiedapproachG.Machado (Editor) Volume9 VLSITesting:Digitalandmixedanalogue/digitaltechniquesS.L.Hurst Volume10 Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Lasers J.E. Carroll, J.E.A. Whiteaway and R.G.S.Plumb Volume11 SelectedTopicsinAdvancedSolidStateandFibreOpticSensorsS.M.Vaezi- Nejad(Editor) Volume12 Strained Silicon Heterostructures: Materials and devices C.K. Maiti, N.B.ChakrabartiandS.K.Ray Volume13 RFICandMMICDesignandTechnologyI.D.RobertsonandS.Lucyzyn(Editors) Volume14 DesignofHighFrequencyIntegratedAnalogueFiltersY.Sun(Editor) Volume15 FoundationsofDigitalSignalProcessing: Theory, algorithmsandhardware designP.Gaydecki Volume16 WirelessCommunicationsCircuitsandSystemsY.Sun(Editor) Volume17 TheSwitchingFunction:AnalysisofpowerelectroniccircuitsC.Marouchos Volume18 SystemonChip:NextgenerationelectronicsB.Al-Hashimi(Editor) Volume19 TestandDiagnosisofAnalogue,Mixed-SignalandRFIntegratedCircuits:The systemonchipapproachY.Sun(Editor) Volume20 Low Power and Low Voltage Circuit Design with the FGMOS Transistor E.Rodriguez-Villegas Volume21 TechnologyComputerAidedDesignforSi,SiGeandGaAsIntegratedCircuits C.K.MaitiandG.A.Armstrong Volume22 NanotechnologiesM.Wauteletetal. Volume23 UnderstandableElectricCircuitsM.Wang Volume24 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Levitation: Engineering sustainability throughefficiencyA.J.Sangster Volume25 OpticalMEMSforChemicalAnalysisandBiomedicineH.Jiang(Editor) Volume26 HighSpeedDataConvertersAhmedM.A.Ali Volume27 Nano-ScaledSemiconductorDevicesE.A.Gutiérrez-D(Editor) Volume29 Nano-CMOS and Post-CMOS Electronics: Devices and modelling Saraju P.MohantyandAshokSrivastava Volume30 Nano-CMOSandPost-CMOSElectronics:CircuitsanddesignSarajuP.Mohanty andAshokSrivastava Volume32 Oscillator Circuits: Frontiers in design, analysis and applications Y. Nishio (Editor) Volume33 HighFrequencyMOSFETGateDriversZ.ZhangandY.Liu Volume38 SystemDesignwithMemristorTechnologiesL.GuckertandE.E.SwartzlanderJr. Volume39 Functionality-EnhancedDevices:AnalternativetoMoore’slawP.-E.Gaillardon (Editor) Volume43 NegativeGroupDelayDevices:FromconceptstoapplicationsB.Ravelo(Editor) Volume47 UnderstandableElectricCircuits:Keyconcepts,2ndEditionM.Wang Volume60 IPCoreProtectionandHardware-AssistedSecurityforConsumerElectronics A.SenguptaandS.Mohanty Volume68 High Quality Liquid Crystal Displays and Smart Devices, vol. 1 and vol. 2 S.Ishihara,S.KobayashiandY.Ukai(Editors) Digitally Enhanced Mixed Signal Systems Edited by Chadi Jabbour, Patricia Desgreys and Dominique Dallet TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&Wales (no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698). ©TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2019 Firstpublished2019 ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress: TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology MichaelFaradayHouse SixHillsWay,Stevenage Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom www.theiet.org Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliability isdisclaimed. Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-78561-609-9(hardback) ISBN978-1-78561-610-5(PDF) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon Contents Preface xi 1 Digitallyenhancedmixedsignalsystems—thebigpicture 1 ChristianVogel,HaraldEnzinger,andKarlFreiberger 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Methodology 2 1.2.1 Asystem-orientedperspective 2 1.2.2 Anextendedviewondataconverters 3 1.2.3 Thedesignprocess 6 1.3 Examples 9 1.3.1 Enhancingpoweramplifiers 9 1.3.2 Enhancingdataconverters 11 1.3.3 Enhancingclockgeneration 13 1.4 Conclusion 14 References 15 2 Nonlinearmodeling 27 RaphaelVansebrouck,Dang-KiènGermainPham,ChadiJabbour, andPatriciaDesgreys 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Nonlinearmodels 27 2.2.1 Parametricmodels 28 2.2.2 Nonparametricmodels 35 2.3 SuitedmodelsforeachRFbloc 38 2.3.1 Extensiontocomplexmodels 38 2.3.2 Modelsforpoweramplifiers 41 2.3.3 Modelsforlow-noiseamplifiers 44 2.3.4 Modelsforbasebandblocks 46 2.4 Digitalcompensationofnonlineardistortions 46 2.4.1 Directlearningarchitecture 47 2.4.2 Indirectlearningarchitecture 57 2.5 Summary 59 References 60 vi Digitallyenhancedmixedsignalsystems 3 Digitalpredistortion 65 GenevièveBaudoin,OlivierVenard,andDang-KiènGermainPham 3.1 Whydoweneedpredistortion? 65 3.1.1 Waveformfeatures 66 3.1.2 Systemlevelconsiderations 67 3.2 Principlesofpredistortion 70 3.3 Analogvsdigitalpredistortion 73 3.4 Mathematicalaspects 74 3.4.1 Basebandformulation 74 3.4.2 pth-Orderinverseoflinearsystem 75 3.5 ModelsforDPDstructures 76 3.5.1 Parametricmodels 77 3.5.2 Nonparametricmodels 83 3.6 Identification 84 3.6.1 Indirectlearningarchitecture 85 3.6.2 Directlearningarchitecture 87 3.6.3 DPDwithiterativelearningcontrol(ILC) 89 3.7 Widebandandsubbandprocessing 92 3.8 Multidimensionalpredistortion 96 3.8.1 Linearizationofnoncontiguouscarrieraggregation 97 3.8.2 Multipleinputmultipleoutput 98 3.9 Modelsizing 99 3.9.1 Modelsizingbyhillclimbingheuristic 100 3.9.2 Modelsizingbyintegergeneticalgorithm 102 3.9.3 Model sizing using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm 104 3.10 Jointmitigationofvariousimpairments 105 3.10.1 Cooperationwithcrestfactorreduction(CFR) 105 3.10.2 Processingofimperfections 106 3.11 Overviewofcompanionsignalprocessing 109 3.11.1 Synchronization 109 3.11.2 Samplingfrequency 110 3.11.3 Monitoring 110 3.12 Implementation 111 3.13 Conclusion 113 References 113 4 Digitalpost-distortionofradioreceiversandanalog-to-digital converters 125 BryceMinger,RaphaëlVansebrouck,ChadiJabbour,LoïcFuché, GuillaumeFerré,DominiqueDallet,PatriciaDesgreys, andOlivierJamin 4.1 Motivationsforpost-distortionofradioreceiversandADCs 126 4.1.1 Idealvs.practicalradioreceiver 126 4.1.2 Dynamicrangeissuesofmodernradioreceivers 126 Contents vii 4.1.3 Principleofpost-distortion 127 4.1.4 Figuresofmerit 127 4.2 Reviewofdistortionsissuesmetinradioreceivers 128 4.2.1 DistortionissueofIF-digitisingsuperheterodynereceivers 128 4.2.2 Distortionissueoflow-IFreceivers 130 4.2.3 Distortionissueoffull-digitalreceivers 132 4.3 Model-basedpost-distortion:modelling 133 4.3.1 ThepassbandVolterramodel 133 4.3.2 ThebasebandVolterramodel 135 4.3.3 Physical interpretation and dimensioning of Volterra modelnon-linearityorderandmemorydepth 136 4.3.4 DerivativesofVolterramodel 137 4.3.5 ModellingADCs 137 4.3.6 Modelling IF-digitising superheterodyne and full-digital receivers 138 4.3.7 Modellinglow-IFreceivers 139 4.3.8 On the usage of baseband Volterra model for reducing computationalburdenofpassbandVolterramodel 141 4.3.9 Onsamplingfrequencyrequiredfornon-linear systemmodelling 143 4.4 Model-basedpost-distortion:identificationandinversion 144 4.4.1 Statementsofthemodelidentificationproblem 145 4.4.2 Dealing with the need of both distorted and undistorted signalsamples 146 4.4.3 SolutionofdirectWienerfilterproblem 147 4.4.4 Inversionofamodeldeterminedbyadirect identificationscheme 148 4.4.5 Onthenumericalinstabilityissue 149 4.4.6 Effectsofnumericalinstabilityontheleastsquaresolution 150 4.4.7 Effects of numerical instability on stochastic least mean squareandrecursiveleastsquaresolutions 151 4.5 StudyofanexampleofADCandreceivermodel-based post-distortionsolution 152 4.5.1 Targetedsystemfeatures 152 4.5.2 Blockdiagramofthepost-distortionsolution 154 4.5.3 Modellingfeatures 154 4.5.4 Identificationfeatures 156 4.5.5 Inversionfeatures 157 4.5.6 Resultsofpost-distortionoperatedonasimulated full-digitalreceiver 157 4.5.7 Resultsofpost-distortionoperatedonthetargetedsystem 158 4.6 Look-up-table-basedpost-distortionofADCs 160 4.6.1 LUT-basedpost-distortionstrategies 160 4.6.2 DeterminationofLUTvalues 161 4.6.3 INLsequencemodelling 162 4.7 Conclusion 162 References 163 viii Digitallyenhancedmixedsignalsystems 5 Timeorfrequencyinterleavedanalog-to-digitalconverters 171 AntoineBonnetat,HanLeDuc,AliBeydoun,DominiqueDallet, GuillaumeFerré,Jean-MichelHodé,PatriciaDesgreys, andChadiJabbour 5.1 Introduction 171 5.2 Principleoftime-interleavedADCsandimpactsofmismatches 172 5.2.1 TIADCprinciple 172 5.2.2 Theimpactofchannelmismatches 173 5.3 Stateoftheartofinterleavedchannelmismatchescompensation 180 5.3.1 Analogcompensationtechniques 181 5.3.2 Mixedsignalcompensationtechniques 181 5.3.3 Digitalcompensation 182 5.4 Feedforwardbackgroundcalibrationtechniqueofclockskews 184 5.4.1 Digitalestimation 184 5.4.2 Digitalcorrection 187 5.4.3 CalibrationforinputatanyNyquistband 191 5.5 Feedbackcalibrationtechniqueofbandwidthmismatches 193 5.5.1 Frequency–responsemismatchmodel 193 5.5.2 Theoreticalchannelmismatchesestimation 199 5.5.3 Channelmismatchescompensation 202 5.5.4 Simulationresults 205 5.6 Extendedfrequencybanddecomposition(cid:2)(cid:3)A/Dconverter 209 5.6.1 EFBDarchitecture 209 5.6.2 Digitalreconstructionsystem(DS) 211 5.6.3 Adaptationalgorithms 215 5.7 Conclusion 218 References 218 6 Digitallyenhanceddigital-to-analogueconverters 227 TorstenLehmann,PasinduAluthwala,andSridevanParameswaran 6.1 Overview 227 6.2 Digital-to-analogueconverters 228 6.2.1 Converterimplementation 228 6.2.2 Convertererrors 230 6.3 DAClinearisation 234 6.3.1 Calibration 234 6.3.2 Dynamicelementmatching 235 6.4 Harmonic-cancellingDACwithpartialDEM 241 6.4.1 Harmonic-cancellingsinewavegeneration 241 6.4.2 DynamicelementmatchinginHC-DACs 244 6.4.3 Experimentalresults 248 6.5 Summary 251 References 252 Contents ix 7 Clockgeneration 255 NaserPourmousavian,TeerachotSiriburanon,Feng-WeiKuo, MasoudBabaie,andRobertBogdanStaszewski 7.1 DevelopmentofadvancedPLLs 255 7.2 ADPLL-basedtransmitter 260 7.3 Ultra-low-voltage,ultra-low-powerADPLLforIoTapplications 261 7.4 Switched-capacitorDC–DCconverter 263 7.5 Low-voltageADPLLarchitecturewithPVT-tolerantTDC 267 7.6 Switchingcurrent-sourceoscillator 268 7.7 CalibrationforPVT-insensitivetime-to-digitalconverter(TDC) 270 7.8 Design of high-efficiency switched-capacitor doubler/regulator forevent-basedload 275 7.9 Implementationandexperimentalresults 280 7.10 Conclusion 284 References 286 8 Fixed-pointrefinementofdigitalsignalprocessingsystems 289 DanielMénard,GabrielCaffarena,JuanAntonioLopez,DavidNovo, andOlivierSentieys 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Fixed-pointarithmetic 291 8.2.1 Fixed-pointrepresentation 291 8.2.2 Formatpropagation 292 8.2.3 Quantisationprocessandroundingmodes 293 8.2.4 Overflowmodes 294 8.3 Architecturesupportforfixedpoint 295 8.3.1 Fine-grainedword-lengthoperators 295 8.3.2 Midandcoarse-grainedword-lengthoperators 297 8.4 Fixed-pointconversionprocess 299 8.5 Integer-partword-lengthselection 301 8.5.1 Dynamicrangeevaluation 301 8.5.2 IWLdeterminationandinsertionofscalingoperations 308 8.6 Fractional-partword-lengthdetermination 309 8.6.1 Word-lengthoptimisation 309 8.6.2 Accuracyevaluation 314 8.7 Conclusion 318 References 318 9 Adaptivefiltering 327 RomualdRocher,PascalScalart,andRobinGerzaguet 9.1 Introduction 327 9.2 Algorithmpresentations 328 9.2.1 Leastmeansquarealgorithm 328 9.2.2 Affineprojectionalgorithms 331