Digital Urban Modeling and Simulation PDF
Preview Digital Urban Modeling and Simulation
Communications in Computer and Information Science 242 Stefan Müller Arisona Gideon Aschwanden Jan Halatsch Peter Wonka (Eds.) Digital Urban Modeling and Simulation 1 3 VolumeEditors StefanMüllerArisona Singapore-ETHCentre FutureCitiesLaboratory,Singapore E-mail:[email protected] GideonAschwanden Singapore-ETHCentre FutureCitiesLaboratory,Singapore E-mail:[email protected] JanHalatsch ETHZurich ChairofInformationArchitecture Zurich,Switzerland E-mail:[email protected] PeterWonka ArizonaStateUniversity DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering Tempe,AZ,USA E-mail:[email protected] ISSN1865-0929 e-ISSN1865-0937 ISBN978-3-642-29757-1 e-ISBN978-3-642-29758-8 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-29758-8 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012941233 CRSubjectClassification(1998):H.4,H.5,I.2,H.3,C.2,H.2 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface In the last few years, the use of computers to study and solve urban planning and design problems has become widespread. More recently, and also thanks to the advances of computer technology, the focus has shifted toward integrative approaches that attempt to look at urban systems at multiple scales, both in terms of space and time. However, such approaches also imply being connected to a growing number of fields, and it can be hard to keep track of the connec- tions and – more importantly – of the connection points. Thus, many solutions computerandinformationsciencemighthavetoofferaresimplynotrecognized. This book is thematically positioned at the intersections of urban design, architecture,civilengineeringandcomputer science,andit aimsto providespe- cialistscomingfromrespectivefieldswithamulti-angleoverviewofstate-of-the- art work currently being carried out. It addresses both newcomers who wish to obtainmoreknowledgeaboutthisgrowingareaofinterest,aswellasestablished researchers and practitioners who want to keep up to date. In terms of organi- zation, the volume starts out with chapters looking at the domain from a wide angle and then moves focus toward technical viewpoints and approaches. We wish to thank all authors – without them, this volume could not have beenrealized.ParticularthanksgotoGerhardSchmitt,ChairofInformationAr- chitecture andDirector of the Singapore-ETHCentre, who supported this work from the very beginning and provided valuable input throughout. Finally, we would like to thank Leonie Kunz and Stefan Go¨ller of Springer for the excellent assistance during the editing process. July 2011 Stefan Mu¨ller Arisona Table of Contents Part I: Introduction A Planning Environment for the Design of Future Cities .............. 3 Gerhard Schmitt Calculating Cities................................................ 17 Bharat Dave The City as a Socio-technical System: A Spatial Reformulation in the Light of the Levels Problem and the Parallel Problem ................ 24 Bill Hillier Technology-Augmented Changes in the Design and Delivery of the Built Environment ............................................... 49 Martin Riese Part II: Parametric Models and Information Modeling City Induction: A Model for Formulating, Generating, and Evaluating Urban Designs................................................... 73 Jos´e P. Duarte, Jos´e N. Beira˜o, Nuno Montenegro, and Jorge Gil Sortal Grammars for Urban Design: A Sortal Approach to Urban Data Modeling and Generation ......................................... 99 Rudi Stouffs, Jos´e N. Beira˜o, and Jos´e P. Duarte Sort Machines ................................................... 117 Thomas Grasl and Athanassios Economou Modeling Water Use for Sustainable Urban Design ................... 138 Ramesh Krishnamurti, Tajin Biswas, and Tsung-Hsien Wang Part III: Behavior Modeling and Simulation Simulation Heuristics for Urban Design ............................. 159 Christian Derix, ˚Asmund Gamlesæter, Pablo Miranda, Lucy Helme, and Karl Kropf VIII Table of Contents Running Urban Microsimulations Consistently with Real-World Data... 181 Gunnar Flo¨tter¨od and Michel Bierlaire Urban Energy Flow Modelling: A Data-Aware Approach.............. 200 Diane Perez and Darren Robinson Interactive Large-Scale Crowd Simulation ........................... 221 Dinesh Manocha and Ming C. Lin An Information Theoretical Approach to Crowd Simulation ........... 236 Cagatay Turkay, Emre Koc, and Selim Balcisoy Integrating Urban Simulation and Visualization...................... 262 Daniel G. Aliaga Part IV: Visualization, Collaboration and Interaction Visualization and Decision Support Tools in Urban Planning .......... 279 Antje Kunze, Remo Burkhard, Serge Gebhardt, and Bige Tuncer Spatiotemporal Visualisation: A Survey and Outlook ................. 299 Chen Zhong, Tao Wang, Wei Zeng, and Stefan Mu¨ller Arisona Multi-touch Wall Displays for Informational and Interactive Collaborative Space .............................................. 318 Ian Vince McLoughlin, Li Ming Ang, and Wooi Boon Goh Testing Guide Signs’ Visibility for Pedestrians in Motion by an Immersive Visual Simulation System ............................... 339 Ryuzo Ohno and Yohei Wada Author Index.................................................. 347 Part I Introduction A Planning Environment for the Design of Future Cities GerhardSchmitt ChairofInformationArchitecture ETHZurich [email protected] Abstract. Intheglobalcontext,thepopulationofcitiesandurbanizedareashas developed from a minority to become the majority. Now cities are the largest, most complex and most dynamic man-made systems. They are vibrant centres ofculturallifeandenginesthatdrivelocalandglobaleconomies.Yet,contem- poraryurbanizedareasareenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomicallyunsustain- ableentitieslayingincreasingpressureonthesurroundingruralareas.Traditional methods of planning and managing large cities that lead to this situation have reachedtheirlimits.Theplanninganddesignprocessesthereforeneedaradical re-thinking. Onthecomputational side, thisnecessitates theintegration of new methodsandinstruments.Ontheplanninganddesignside,thisrequiresthein- volvementofstakeholdersanddecisionmakersmuchearlierthannormallydone inthepast.Thecombinationofinteractivedesignandcomputationwilldemon- stratetheeffectsandsideeffectsofurban-ruralplanningorre-development.We buildourdesignresearchapproachondynamicsandscale:viewingcitiesandset- tlementsasentitieswithdynamicurbanmetabolisms,weproposetoapplystocks and flows simulations tothe building scale (small,S-Scale), tothe urban scale (medium, M-Scale), and to the territorial scale (large, L-Scale). Our long-term goal isthesustainableurban-rural system.Planningandimplementationexam- plesfromSwitzerlandandETHZurichScienceCityserveastestcases,withthe intenttousethefindingsfordevelopmentsinotherpartsoftheworld. 1 Introduction Fortoolongandincreasinglyso,thetransformationofexistingandtheplanningofnew citieshavebeenfollowingspecificinterests,ideologiesorimaginedconstraints.Espe- cially the growing apart of urban design and urban planning has lead to less desired results(Lampugnani, 2010). Itappearsthatcomparedto scienceand engineering,not muchprogresshasoccurredin this field – or has evenbeenreversed– in view of the seeminglyoverwhelmingcomplexityofmoderncities.Forexample,localheatandpol- lutionislandsasaresultoftheincreasingnumberofmegacitiesreducethequalityof lifeinthosecentresandleadtoincreasedvacationmobilityofthosewhocanaffordit– aviciouscircle.Neithermarketforcesalonenortop-downplanninghaveleadtothecre- ationofsustainablecities.Ontheotherhand,the“integrated”or“holistic”approaches towardscity planningoften turnoutto be fairlyarbitraryin their result, lackingclear modelsorneglectinglocalcontextandshapingforces.Thevirtualizationofthecity,as expectedbysomeinthe1990sandbeyond,didnotoccurandwillmostlikelybecome partofthephysicalandrealcity(Boyer,1996). S.Mu¨llerArisonaetal.(Eds.):DUMS,CCIS242,pp.3–16,2012. (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 4 G.Schmitt Therefore,itisnecessarytocombinemoderninstrumentsandmethodsortoinvent newonestoallowforthesimulationofsuccessfulscenariosforsustainablefuturecities (BettencourtandWest, 2010). We proposeto see and modelcities as urban-ruralsys- tems and as material and informationorganismswith their own metabolism. And we proposethemethodofstocksandflowswiththeassociatedinstrumentstocreatesce- nariosfortransformingexistingandfordesigningnewcities.Specialcaremustbetaken toincorporatethelocalstakeholders,the legislativeauthorities,politicsandeconomy, aswellasthegeographic,socialandenvironmentalcontextintheprocess.Asaconse- quence,thetransformationtowardssustainabilityofSingaporeorcitiesinSwitzerland, EastAfricaorSouthAmericashouldleadtosimilarpositiveeffectsfortheinhabitants, butthephysicalappearancemayberadicallydifferent.Forthedevelopmentandtrans- formationoffuturecities,thisdesignviewdefinestherequirementsforthemodel,the methodsandtheinstruments. 2 Future Cities Werequirefuturecitiestobeattractive,sustainableandinbalancewiththeirruralsur- roundings. The most crucial criterion is long-term social sustainability. This requires thaturbandesignandarchitectureareof highquality;thattransportationandthe mo- bile parts of the city are integrated with the static, structural and spatial elements of thecity;thataslittleexternal,non-renewableenergyentersandleavesthecity,result- ingin lowgreenhousegasemissionsettlements;thatbuildingmaterialsandwaterare recycledcontinuously;andthatthe cityis designedandbuiltnotonlyforthe affluent andactive,butalsofortheveryyoungandtheelderly.Ifthefuturecitystartswithan over-fulfillingofthesepositiverequirements,chancesarehighthatthesepositiveindi- catorswill strengthenwith the growthof the city and lead to long-termsustainability (Bettencourtetal.,2010). Whileitisrelativelyeasytospecifythesedemands,itishardtoproposeare-design ora designfora city thatcan fulfilthem.Once started,a city is nevercompletedand constantlychanges:itisadynamicsystemforwhichacompletemodelneedsyettobe foundordefined.Inspiteoftheimportanceofthestartingconditions,acityisprobably thesystemthatisinfluencedandchangedmostbyitsowndevelopment.Imposinggrand masterplansfornewcitiesonthescaleofLeCorbusier’sun-builtVilleContemporaine from 1922,his partially built Chandigarhdesign from 1951(Sharma, 2009) or Oscar Niemeyer’s Brasilia from 1957 has not been attempted for decades. Yet the idea of grandmasterplanningwiththegoalofsustainabilityre-emergesinFoster+Partners’ proposalforMasdarCityinAbuDhabiorinseveralEco-CityplansinChina. 3 The RoleofContext Thetransformationofexistingorthedesignofnewcitiesisneveranabstract,context- freeactivity.Context–understoodasthesurroundingsocietal,governmental,economi- cal,environmentalandtechnologicalconditions–isafundamentalfactortoconsiderin thetransformationofexistingandinthedesignofnewsustainablecities.Justlooking at the examples of the Ville Contemporaine, Brasilia or Masdar, it becomes obvious APlanningEnvironmentfortheDesignofFutureCities 5 how strongly the context of culture and national identity (society), climate (environ- ment), and economy have influenced the design. Yet none of these designs, with the exceptionofMasdar,couldbenefitattheirtimefromintegratedmodellingofthequan- titative aspects of sustainability or other properties – they relied more on declaration thanonsimulation.Onereasonofcoursewasthatduringthedesignoftheearlierex- amples,nopowerfulcomputerswereavailabletosimulatetheoutcomeofdesigndeci- sionsandtheirpossiblesideeffects.Also,therewasahierarchicalratherthanateamor stakeholderplanningprocessintheearlierexamplesthatprecludedpossiblesynergies. It is this schism between architects, urban designers and the other disciplines, which widenedovertimeandleadtodifferentlanguagesandexpressionsthataredifficultbut necessarytoreconciletodayforanewplanningenvironment. Inordertobeusefulforcomputersupporteddesignandsimulation,therealcontext needsa representationinthe computationalrealm.We acknowledgethattheresulting model and description of the real context in the computational world will be incom- pleteinthe beginningandwillnotfullydescribeallaspectsoftherealcontext.Buta definition of the modelrepresentingthe contextin its crucial aspects is the precondi- tiontocomputemeaningfulscenarios.Itisalsothepreconditiontoextendthe“digital chain”processtotheurbanandterritorialscale.Thedigitalchainprocesstiestogether thedesign,constructionandmanagementphaseofastructureindigitalrepresentations that are compatible and are preserved for use in the next phases. The Department of ArchitectureofETHZurichhastestedtheapproachinteaching(Schoch,2005),andat thebuildinglevel(D-ARCH,2011). Fortheplanningenvironmenttodesignsustainablefuturecities,weproposetobegin withthemodellingofthemostrelevantcontexts,namelythelocalconditionsrelatingto population,demographicsandhealth(society),economy,water,energy,material,space andinformation. 4 Setting Priorities Thefirstpriorityinthetransformationofexistingandforthedesignofnewsustainable cities must be the creation of a common communication base, common aims, and a commonmodel.Preconditionforthisisbridgingthewideninggapsbetweenarchitects, urbandesigners,planners,engineers,sociologistsandotherdisciplines.Implementing this priority is best achieved by defining the common goal of sustainable urban-rural systems and a communicationbased on the commonmodel. The platform associated withthismodelmustdeliveraddedvaluetoallparticipants.Suchaplatformdoesnot existtoday,butcouldbethecontributionofInformationTechnologytothere-designor designoffutureurban-ruralsystems. We thereforeproposetodefineandbuildsucha digitalsimulationplatform. Government organizations are well suited for this approach as they can tender large projects top-down. Examples for this are the Australian Com- monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, 2011) or the Singaporean Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development (SingaporeanInter-MinisterialCommitteeonSustainableDevelopment,2010)withits plansfor“alivelyandliveableSingapore–strategiesforsustainablegrowth”.Yetthe
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