Digital sport for performance enhancement and competitive evolution : intelligent gaming technologies

414 Pages·2009·44.746 MB·English

by  Nigel Pope, Kerri-Ann L Kuhn, John Forster

Digital Sport for
Performance
Enhancement and
Competitive Evolution:
Intelligent Gaming Technologies
Nigel K. LI. Pope
Griffith University, Australia
Kerri-Ann L. Kuhn
Queensland University of Technology, Australia
John J. H. Forster
Griffith University, Australia

InformatIon scIence reference
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Digital sport for performance enhancement and competitive evolution :
intelligent gaming technologies / Nigel K. Ll Pope, Kerri-Ann L. Kuhn and John J. Forster.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: "This book provides an overview of the increasing level of digitization in sport including areas of gaming and athlete training"--
Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-60566-406-4 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-407-1 (ebook) 1. Sports--Technological innovations.

2. Performance technology. 3. Sports sciences. 4. Video games. 5. Computer games.. I. Pope, Nigel. II. Kuhn,
Kerri-Ann L. III. Forster, John, 1946- GV745.D55 2009
688.7'6--dc22
2008052440
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not
necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board
Amin Ahmadi, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport (Centre of Excellence),
Australia
Scott Bingley, Victoria University, Australia
Mark Brown, University of Queensland, Australia
Stephen Burgess, Victoria University, Australia
Brendan Burkett, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Sindy Chapa, Texas State University, USA
Beth A. Cianfrone, Georgia State University, USA
Edward Forrest, University of Alaska, USA
Andre Gagalowicz, INRIA, France
Monica D. Hernandez, University of Texas-Pan American, USA
Daniel A. James, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
Michael Koh, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Veljko Potkonjak, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Chee Kwang Quah, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Constantino Stavros, RMIT University, Australia
Gunnar Stevens, Fraunhofer FIT, Germany

Kevin Voges, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Volker Wulf, University of Siegen, Germany
Table of Contents
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................xvi
Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xviii
Acknowledgment ..............................................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter I
Digital Technologies and the Intensification of Economic and Organisational Mechanisms
in Commercial Sport ..............................................................................................................................1
John J.H. Forster, Griffith University, Australia
Section I
Training and Participation Applications
Chapter II
A General-Purpose Taxonomy of Computer-Augmented Sports Systems ...........................................19
Sean Reilly, Trinity College, Ireland
Peter Barron, Trinity College, Ireland
Vinny Cahill, Trinity College, Ireland
Kieran Moran, Dublin City University, Ireland
Mads Haahr, Trinity College, Ireland
Chapter III
Dynamics and Simulation of General Human and Humanoid Motion in Sports .................................36
Veljko Potkonjak, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Miomir Vukobratović, Institute “M. Pupin,” Belgrade, Serbia
Kalman Babković, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Branislav Borovac, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Chapter IV
Technologies for Monitoring Human Player Activity Within a Competition .......................................63
Brendan Burkett, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Chapter V
Video-Based Motion Capture for Measuring Human Movement .........................................................81
Chee Kwang Quah, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Michael Koh, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Alex Ong, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Hock Soon Seah, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Andre Gagalowicz, INRIA, Le Chesnay, France
Chapter VI
Technology to Monitor and Enhance the Performance of a Tennis Player .........................................101
Amin Ahmadi, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
David D. Rowlands, Griffith University, Australia
Daniel A. James, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
Chapter VII
Quantitative Assessment of Physical Activity Using Inertial Sensors ................................................122
Daniel A. James, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
Andrew Busch, Griffith University, Australia
Yuji Ohgi, Keio University, Japan
Chapter VIII
Computer Supported Collaborative Sports: An Emerging Paradigm .................................................136
Volker Wulf, University of Siegen, Germany
Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Eckehard F. Moritz, SPORTKREATIVWERKSTATT, Germany
Gunnar Stevens, Fraunhofer FIT, Germany

Martin R. Gibbs, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Chapter IX
Digital Sport: Merging Gaming with Sports to Enhance Physical Activities Such as Jogging ..........150
Florian ‘Floyd’ Mueller, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Chapter X
Double Play: How Video Games Mediate Physical Performance for Elite Athletes ..........................167
Lauren Silberman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Chapter XI
A League of Our Own: Empowerment of Sport Consumers Through Fantasy Sports
Participation ........................................................................................................................................178
Donald P. Roy, Middle Tennessee State University, USA
Benjamin D. Goss, Missouri State University, USA
Chapter XII
Computational and Robotic Pool ........................................................................................................194
Jean-Pierre Dussault, University of Sherbrooke, Canada
Michael Greenspan, Queen’s University, Canada
Jean-François Landry, University of Sherbrooke, Canada
Will Leckie, Nortel, Canada
Marc Godard, Queen’s University, Canada
Joseph Lam, Queen’s University, Canada
Section II
Business Applications
Chapter XIII
A Framework for the Adoption of the Internet in Local Sporting Bodies:
A Local Sporting Association Example ..............................................................................................212
Scott Bingley, Victoria University, Australia
Stephen Burgess, Victoria University, Australia
Chapter XIV
Online Questionnaires and Interviews as a Successful Tool to Explore Foreign Sports Fandom ......228
Anthony K. Kerr, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), Australia
Chapter XV
Virtual Digital Olympic Museum .......................................................................................................245
Gaoqi He, Zhejiang University, China & East China University of Science and Technology,
China
Zhigeng Pan, Zhejiang University, China
Weimin Pan, Zhejiang University, China

Jianfeng Liu, Zhejiang University, China
Chapter XVI
The Market Structure and Characteristics of Electronic Games .........................................................257
Kerri-Ann L. Kuhn, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Chapter XVII
Sport Video Game Sponsorships and In-Game Advertising ...............................................................286
Beth A. Cianfrone, Georgia State University, USA
James J. Zhang, University of Florida, USA
Chapter XVIII
In-Game Advertising: Effectiveness and Consumer Attitudes ...........................................................299
Mark Lee, RMIT University, Australia
Rajendra Mulye, RMIT University, Australia
Constantino Stavros, RMIT University, Australia
Chapter XIX
The Effect of Arousal on Adolescent’s Short-Term Memory of Brand Placements
in Sports Advergames .........................................................................................................................313
Monica D. Hernandez, The University of Texas-Pan American, USA
Sindy Chapa, Texas State University, USA
Chapter XX
Schemas of Disrepute: Digital Damage to the Code ..........................................................................320
Ellen L. Bloxsome, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Nigel K. Ll. Pope, Griffith University, Australia
Compilation of References ...............................................................................................................336
About the Contributors ....................................................................................................................377
Index ...................................................................................................................................................387
Detailed Table of Contents
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................xvi
Preface ...............................................................................................................................................xviii
Acknowledgment ..............................................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter I
Digital Technologies and the Intensification of Economic and Organisational Mechanisms
in Commercial Sport ..............................................................................................................................1
John J.H. Forster, Griffith University, Australia
This chapter presents an overview of the digital revolution and the role that digital technologies have
played in home entertainment generally, and sport specifically. Forster examines how digital technology
is transforming the mass consumption, distribution, production and organization of sport. He argues that
the impact of digitization has been evolutionary, rather than revolutionary.
Section I
Training and Participation Applications
Digital technologies are being used in myriad ways for sports training and particpation applications.
This section examines a number of examples. From the use of robotics in sport, to inertial sensors for
performance enhancement and electronic gaming to facilitate participation, the chapters in this section
illustrate that digital technology is the impetus to improve the experience of elite athletes, as well as
casual sports participants.
The section begins with a general-purpose taxonomy of computer-augmented sports systems in
Chapter II, followed by a discussion of the use of robotics to improve results and diagnostics in sports
in Chapter III. Player tracking systems are the focus of Chapter IV, while a video-based marker-less
motion capture method for capturing human motion in sport is introduced in Chapter V. The technology
for performance enhancement of a tennis player is reviewed in Chapter VI, with the discussion of inertial
sensors for athlete assessment extended in Chapter VII, where golf, rowing, cricket, and ski jumping are
discussed. The focus shifts from training to sports participation, beginning with Chapter VIII, which
presents Computer Supported Collaborative Sports. Two prototypes are presented, which demonstrate
how computer games and computer augmented sports can be integrated to affect the social experience
of players. A further prototype for social jogging is discussed in Chapter IX. Chapter X contributes
to the discussion concerning gaming technologies, with a look at how video games are being used by
elite athletes. Chapter XI provides an overview of fantasy sports and their consumption by sports fans.
Finally, the section concludes with Chapter XII: computational and robotic pool.
Chapter II
A General-Purpose Taxonomy of Computer-Augmented Sports Systems ...........................................19
Sean Reilly, Trinity College, Ireland
Peter Barron, Trinity College, Ireland
Vinny Cahill, Trinity College, Ireland
Kieran Moran, Dublin City University, Ireland
Mads Haahr, Trinity College, Ireland
Sport and digitization are becoming more multi-disciplinary. Chapter II presents a general-purpose tax-
onomy of computer-augmented sports systems, and in doing so, successfully unravels the increasingly
complex domain of technology-augmented sports. The authors present several examples to illustrate their
taxonomy, including a system to aid judges in scoring taekwondo matches; a computer vision system
that alerts lifeguards to drowning swimmers; a system that uses visual cues to determine an athlete’s
movements; and the Hawkeye® system, which tracks ball movement. Their taxonomy allows for any
computer-augmented sports system to be classified, in terms of its key properties and characteristics.
Chapter III
Dynamics and Simulation of General Human and Humanoid Motion in Sports .................................36
Veljko Potkonjak, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Miomir Vukobratović, Institute “M. Pupin,” Belgrade, Serbia
Kalman Babković, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Branislav Borovac, University of Novi Sad, Serbia

This chapter relates biomechanics to robotics and presents mathematical models of human dynamics,
which can be applied in sports. These models have been derived to cover the kinematics and dynamics
of virtually any motion of a human or a humanoid robot, thereby allowing for the calculation of charac-
teristics that could not previously be measured. The authors discuss the use of robotics to improve results
and diagnostics in sports, including enhanced human safety, performance and development.
Chapter IV
Technologies for Monitoring Human Player Activity Within a Competition .......................................63
Brendan Burkett, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia
Chapter IV presents an overview of player tracking systems. These systems facilitate the monitoring
of human player activity within competition. Compared to manual systems, player tracking technolo-
gies benefit players and coaches, offering the key advantages of reduced time and expense, as well as
improved sporting performance. Brendan Burkett also highlights that these systems satisfy the demand
from media, referees and spectators to know what is happening in a game.
Chapter V
Video-Based Motion Capture for Measuring Human Movement .........................................................81
Chee Kwang Quah, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Michael Koh, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Alex Ong, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore
Hock Soon Seah, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Andre Gagalowicz, INRIA, Le Chesnay, France
The authors of this chapter present a video-based marker-less motion capture method for capturing human
motion in sport. While many technologies exist that capture the human motion, the motion capture tech-
nique has to yield accurate and reliable quantitative information when it comes to human biomechanical
applications, particularly in real sports environments. The authors review the challenges associated with
current technologies and methods, and explain how these are addressed with their system.
Chapter VI
Technology to Monitor and Enhance the Performance of a Tennis Player .........................................101
Amin Ahmadi, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
David D. Rowlands, Griffith University, Australia
Daniel A. James, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
The authors look at how technology can be used to improve the performance of a tennis player. They
discuss the biomechanics of the various strokes, with particular attention paid to the serve. The chapter
introduces the major tools to monitor and analyze the tennis swing, including high speed digital cameras,
marker-based optical systems, and inertial sensors.
Chapter VII
Quantitative Assessment of Physical Activity Using Inertial Sensors ................................................122

Daniel A. James, Griffith University, Australia & Queensland Academy of Sport
(Centre of Excellence), Australia
Andrew Busch, Griffith University, Australia
Yuji Ohgi, Keio University, Japan
Traditionally, clinical testing for performance analysis and enhancement of athletes has been conducted
in laboratory settings, but with advancements in microelectronics and other micro technologies, testing
and monitoring in natural environments is now possible. Chapter VII discusses the use and application
of inertial sensors for athlete assessment in the training and competition environments. The authors
discuss the emergence of these sensors as a viable tool across a broad range of sporting activities at the
elite level. Examples include golf, rowing, cricket and ski jumping.