Digital Signal Processing: A Breadth-First Approach

706 Pages·2016·43.04 MB·English

by  Muhammad Khan

River Publishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing
Digital Signal Processing
A Breadth-first Approach
Muhammad N. Khan, Syed K. Hasnain and Mohsin Jamil
Digital Signal Processing:
A Breadth-First Approach
RiverPublishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing
Volume1
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TampereUniversityofTechnology UniversityofPatras
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• SignalProcessingSystems
• DigitalSignalProcessing
• ImageProcessing
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Digital Signal Processing:
A Breadth-First Approach
Muhammad N. Khan
TheUniversityofLahore
Pakistan
Syed K. Hasnain
SwedishCollegeofEngineeringandTechnology
Pakistan
Mohsin Jamil
NationalUniversityofSciencesandTechnology
Pakistan
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Contents
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
ListofFigures xxv
ListofTables xxxi
ListofAbbreviations xxxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ConceptofSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 AnalogSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 DigitalSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 RootsofDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 AdvantagesofDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 BasicBlocksofSignalProcessingSystem . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 DSPKeyOperations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 ClassificationofSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6.1 Continuous-TimeversusDiscrete-TimeSignals . . . 4
1.6.2 Continuous-ValuedversusDiscrete-Valued
Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6.3 DeterministicversusRandomSignals . . . . . . . . 5
1.6.4 Multi-ChannelandMulti-DimensionalSignals . . . 5
1.7 ApplicationofDSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1.1 Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.7.1.2 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.1.3 Echocontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.2 AudioSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.2.1 Speechgeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.2.2 Speechrecognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
vii
viii Contents
1.7.3 EchoLocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7.3.1 Radar(RAdioDetectionAndRanging) . . 8
1.7.3.2 Sonar(SOundNavigation
AndRanging) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7.3.3 Reflectionseismology . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4 ImageProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4.1 Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.4.2 Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 SignalsandSystems(ContinuousandDiscrete) 11
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 CTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.1 UnitImpulseFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2 StepFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2.1 Propertiesofunitstepfunction . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 RampFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.4 ParabolicFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.5 ExponentialFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.6 SinusoidalFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 ConceptofFrequency:ContinuousTimeSignals . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 PeriodicandAperiodicSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 DTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4.1 CTversusDTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.2 UnitImpulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3 UnitStepFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.4 RampFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.5 ParabolicFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.6 ExponentialFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.7 SinusoidalFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.8 ConceptofFrequency:DTSignals . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5 Time-DomainandFrequency-Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.6 A/DandD/AConversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1 ProcessingStepsforA/DConversion . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1.1 Sampleandhold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6.1.3 Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.6.2 SamplingofAnalogSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.7 TheSamplingTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.8 QuantizationError . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Contents ix
2.9 FurtheraboutDTSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.1 RepresentingDTSignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.1.1 Graphicalrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.9.1.2 Functionalrepresentation . . . . . . . . . 32
2.9.1.3 Sequencerepresentation . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.9.1.4 Tabularrepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10 SimpleManipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10.1 Reflection/Folding/Flipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10.2 Shifting(AdvanceandDelayed) . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10.3 Scaling(TimeandMagnitude) . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.10.4 AdditionandMultiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.10.5 EvenandOddSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.11 EnergyandPowerSignals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.12 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.12.1 DTSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.13 System’sRepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.13.1 SymbolusedforDTSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.13.2 AnAdder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.3 AConstantMultiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.4 ASignalmultiplier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.5 UnitDelayElement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.13.6 UnitAdvancedElement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.14 System’sClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.14.1 StaticversusDynamicSystems . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.14.2 Time-InvariantversusTime-VariantSystem . . . . . 46
2.14.2.1 Methodtoworkoutfortime-invariant
andtime-variantsystem . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.14.3 LinearversusNon-linearSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.14.3.1 Linearsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.14.3.2 Non-linearsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.14.4 CausalversusNon-CausalSystem . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.14.5 StableversusUn-StableSystem . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.15 ProblemsandSolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 ConvolutionandCorrelation 77
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 TheConvolutionSum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3 PropertiesofConvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3.1 CommutativeLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80