Keith J. Kaplan Luigi K.F. Rao Editors Digital Pathology Historical Perspectives, Current Concepts & Future Applications 123 Digital Pathology Keith J. Kaplan (cid:129) Luigi K.F. Rao Editors Digital Pathology Historical Perspectives, Current Concepts & Future Applications Editors Keith J. Kaplan Luigi K.F. Rao Carolinas Pathology Group Massachusetts General Hospital Charlotte , NC , USA Boston , MA , USA ISBN 978-3-319-20378-2 ISBN 978-3-319-20379-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20379-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015947282 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper S pringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Keith J. Kaplan 2 Use Cases for Digital Pathology ............................................................ 5 Wenyi Luo and Lewis A. Hassell 3 Role in Medicine for Digital Pathology ................................................ 17 Bernard Têtu and Lewis A. Hassell 4 Business Models in Digital Pathology .................................................. 33 Lewis A. Hassell 5 Telepathology and Digital Pathology Research ................................... 41 Elizabeth A. Krupinski , Achyut K. Bhattacharyya and Ronald S. Weinstein 6 Teleconsultation ...................................................................................... 55 Bernard Têtu , David C. Wilbur , Liron Pantanowitz , and Anil V. Parwani 7 Education ................................................................................................ 71 Liron Pantanowitz and Anil V. Parwani 8 Legal/Regulatory .................................................................................... 79 Stanley Leung and Timothy C. Allen 9 Standards for Digital Pathology and Whole Slide Imaging ............... 87 Bruce A. Beck 10 In Vivo Microscopy ................................................................................ 99 Anne Marie Amacher , Christopher A. Garcia , and Andrew Quinn Index ................................................................................................................ 113 v Contributors Timothy C. Allen Department of Pathology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA Anne Marie Amacher Department of Pathology and Immunology , Barnes Jewish Hospital, Washington University , Saint Louis , MO , USA Bruce A. Beckwith Department of Pathology , North Shore Medical Center , Salem , MA , USA Achyut K. Bhattacharyya Department of Pathology , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA Christopher A. Garcia Department of Pathology , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA Lewis A. Hassell Department of Pathology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA Keith J. Kaplan Carolinas Pathology Group , Charlotte , NC , USA Elizabeth A. Krupinski Department of Medical Imaging , University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA Arizona Telemedicine Program, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA Stanley Leung Department of Pathology , UW Medicine—Valley Medical Center , R enton, W A, U SA W enyi L uo Department of Pathology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA Liron Pantanowitz Department of Pathology , UPMC Shadyside, UPMC Cancer Pavilion , University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh , PA , USA vii viii Contributors Anil V. Parwani Department of Pathology , UPMC Shadyside Hospital, University of Pittsburgh , University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh , PA , USA Andrew Quinn Department of Pathology , Brigham and Women’s Hospital , Boston , MA , USA Luigi K. F. Rao Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA Bernard Têtu D epartment of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [CHU] de Québec, Hôpital du St-Sacrement , Quebec , Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada Ronald S. Weinstein D epartment of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA Arizona Telemedicine Program, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson , AZ , USA David C. Wilbur D epartment of Pathology, Clinical Imaging in Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA Chapter 1 Introduction Keith J. Kaplan Healthcare, an information-based industry, is in a state of transition. The current focus of attention on health information is taking place in an environment in which better access to effective healthcare has been identifi ed by governmental leaders as a societal goal. In several countries, including the U.S., governments are funding programs to develop comprehensive patient electronic health records. This refl ects recognition of the critical importance of information management in almost every aspect of the healthcare enterprise, ranging from individual patient care to disease prevention and public health. The ultimate goal of creating large i nformation systems to permanently archive cradle-to-grave electronic patient health records is regarded as technically feasible as well as achievable in the fore- seeable future. Such patient electronic health records would contain plenary data sets, including the digital images of all imaging studies ever performed on the patient, securely archived but readily accessible, on-line, to patients and their desig- nated service providers. The electronic patient health record concept can be taken even further by expand- ing its scope to include patient healthcare-related education information. This might be accomplished by appending a personal electronic health education portfolio to each electronic health record. Tools would be developed to assist patients in navigating between the informa- tion in their linked electronic health records and their personal health education portfolios. Using mass customization techniques, patient information could be con- tinuously updated on an individualized basis. Another futuristic concept is the development of on-line patient self-evaluations. K. J. Kaplan , M.D. (*) Carolinas Pathology Group , Charlotte , NC 28247 , USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1 K.J. Kaplan, L.K.F. Rao (eds.), Digital Pathology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20379-9_1