Digital Holographic Methods: Low Coherent Microscopy and Optical Trapping in Nano-Optics and Biomedical Metrology

268 Pages·2018·12.641 MB·English

by  Stephan Stuerwald

Springer Series in Optical Sciences 221
Stephan Stuerwald
Digital
Holographic
Methods
Low Coherent Microscopy and Optical
Trapping in Nano-Optics and Biomedical
Metrology
Springer Series in Optical Sciences
Volume 221
Founded by
H. K. V. Lotsch
Editor-in-chief
William T. Rhodes, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
Series editors
Ali Adibi, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Toshimitsu Asakura, Hokkai-Gakuen University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
Theodor W. Hänsch, Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Bayern,
Germany
Ferenc Krausz, Garching, Bayern, Germany
Barry R. Masters, Cambridge, MA, USA
Katsumi Midorikawa, Laser Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science
Institute, Saitama, Japan
Bo A. J. Monemar, Department of Physics and Measurement Technology,
Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Herbert Venghaus, Ostseebad Binz, Germany
Horst Weber, Berlin, Germany
Harald Weinfurter, München, Germany
Springer Series inOptical SciencesisledbyEditor-in-ChiefWilliamT. Rhodes,
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, and provides an expanding selection of
research monographs in all major areas of optics:
– lasers and quantum optics
– ultrafast phenomena
– optical spectroscopy techniques
– optoelectronics
– information optics
– applied laser technology
– industrial applications and
– other topics of contemporary interest.
With this broad coverage of topics the series is useful to research scientists and
engineers who need up-to-date reference books.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/624
Stephan Stuerwald
Digital Holographic Methods
Low Coherent Microscopy and Optical
Trapping in Nano-Optics and Biomedical
Metrology
123
StephanStuerwald
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, USA
ISSN 0342-4111 ISSN 1556-1534 (electronic)
SpringerSeries inOptical Sciences
ISBN978-3-030-00168-1 ISBN978-3-030-00169-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00169-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018954606
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
A variety of applications in the area of biomedicine, microchemistry, and micro
system technology demand the possibility of a minimally invasive, positioning or
manipulation and analysis of biological cells or different micro and nano particles,
which is not possible with conventional mechanical methods. To achieve these
requirements,systemsareestablishedthatfacilitateamicromanipulationwithlight.
Therefore, a momentum change of photons that are refracted on the surface of a
transparent cell or a partly transparent micro particle is harnessed for holographic
optical tweezers (HOTs), which enables the user to exert forces in the range of
piconewtons.
Anadditionalchallengeistheexactanddetailedimagingofbiologicalcellsina
bright field microscope. The outline of a cell is usually easily recognizable due to
diffractionorabsorptioncharacteristics,butthereconstructionofathree-dimensional
form is not directly possible. A suitable method to overcome this problem is the
imaging with digital holographic quantitative phase contrast microscopy (DHM).
This method utilizes the optical path difference of photons that pass through a
transparentcellwithahigherrefractiveindexcomparedtotheambientmediumand
can therefore be considered as an advanced and quantitative phase contrast micro-
scopymethod.
A combination of these two methods is so far solely rudimentary explored in
research. A further developed expansion of these functionalities into an integrated
setup therefore represents a significant enhancement in this field and allows new
applications. A few examples for new applications are an automated detection of
any biological cell and a subsequent automated holding, separation, analysis of
rheological cell parameters, and a positioning into specifically predetermined
allocated cavities for cell sorting, as needed in Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) applications
(Fig. 1b).
The aim of this work is the development and characterization of a system for
analyzing biological as well as technical specimens with digital holographic meth-
ods.Thesystemshallallowarealizationandcharacterizationofthecombinationof
both described techniques with unrivaled high content cell analysis and manipula-
tion capabilities. To achieve this, a confocal laser scanning and fluorescence
v
vi Preface
Fig. 1 a Developed multifunctional microscope system in CAD illustration with beam paths
indicated in red. b 14 micro particles arranged by dynamic holographic optical tweezers to the
letters “IPT”. c Intermediate (IF) and far-field (FF) intensity distributions of Bessel beams of
higherorder(5th)forgeneratingsymmetrictrappatternsandopticalangularmomentum
microscopeisextended:Thecameraportofamicroscopebeampathisutilizedfor
coupling in a modulated laser beam besides imaging a hologram of the object
planeontoacamera.Toenable,e.g.,asimultaneousmanipulationofmultiplecells
ð(cid:2)(cid:3)6Þinthreedimensionsandinvideorate,anintensitydistributionintheobject
planeiscreatedbyanopticalreconstructionofahologram.Toachievethis,aspatial
lightmodulator(SLM)thatcanchangethephaseofthewavefrontineverypixelin
the range of [0, 2…] is inserted into the beam path. This phase pattern gets Fourier
transformed optically by a microscope objective, leading to the desired intensity
distribution inthe focus plane of themicroscope objective.
Thismethodisbasedonaphase-onlySLMandfacilitatesalsothegenerationof
non-diffractivebeamconfigurationslikeAiry,Mathieu,andBesselbeamsofhigher
order,whichallowforefficient,stable,andmostlysymmetrictrapconfigurations.It
is demonstrated that they open up prospect for increased light efficiency for direct
laser writing (DLW). Non-diffractive beams are sometimes referred to self-healing
beams, since self-focusing effects lead to better focusing properties exceeding the
conventionalRayleighlengthcompared tostandardGaussianbeams.Additionally,
it is shown that these beams and their higher modes enable an allocation of a high
number of different efficient light force and light intensity distributions. These can
be particularly useful for a three-dimensional positioning of micro and nano par-
ticles or structures and even for direct laser writing.
The development of modular systems for DHM and HOTs also allows an
integrationintoananopositioningsystem(NMM-1,25(cid:4)25(cid:4)5mm3,positioning
accuracy: (cid:3)3 nm) in order to extend the positioning volume beyond the field of
viewanddepthofsharpnessofthemicroscopeobjectiveandmoreprecisethanwith
conventional microscopy xyz-stages.
The digital holographic imaging mode is additionally investigated with low
coherent light sources like SLDs, LEDs, and a super continuous light source to
optimize the phase noise of the interferograms. The system combination is then
appliedfordirectlaserwritinginphotoresistsbasedontwo-photonpolymerization
—also known as 3D-lithography. This opens up the possibility for dynamic and
Preface vii
multifocalgenerationoflarge-scalemicroandnanostructureswithoutdrawbacksin
accuracy caused by stitching losses.
Previoussystemssolelyallowdirectlaserwritingwithonefixedfocuspointanda
scanvolumeoftypically300(cid:4)300(cid:4)300m3withaxyz-piezostage.Thecombined
deploymentofbiggernanopositioningsystemsliketheNMM-1(25(cid:4)25(cid:4)5mm3)
or the recently new developed NPMM-200 (200 (cid:4) 200 (cid:4) 25 mm3) open up the
possibilitytorealizeaphotonicsystemplatformfordirectproduction,manipulation,
assemblyand measuring ofphotonic circuits and elements.
Therefore,thisworkcontributestothelong-termgoalofestablishingamodular
photonic system platform with multifunctional features, which represent a key
technology for the efficient production of micro and nano optical structures. These
system platforms shall also open the way to new research areas in the field of the
systemsitselfandprovideafuturetoolforthewholenanoopticandphotonicarea.
Berkeley, USA Stephan Stuerwald
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Basic Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 Classic Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Fourier Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3 Digital Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.4 Computer Generated Holograms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.5 Numerical Reconstruction of Digital Holograms . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Phase Shifting Reconstruction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 Temporal Phase Shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2 Spatial Phase Shifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Numeric Propagation of Complex Object Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.1 Digital Holographic Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Benefits of Partial Coherence for DHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Spatial Frequency Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Straylight and Multiple Reflection Removal . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5 Types of Spatial Light Modulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.1 Different Methods of Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.2 Digital Micromirror Devices and Liquid Crystal
SLMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.3 Light Modulators as Holographic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6 Micromanipulation with Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6.1 Observation of the Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6.2 Geometric Optical Explanation - Mie Regime . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6.3 Wave Optical Analysis - Rayleigh Regime . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6.4 Features and Influences of Optical Traps. . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ix
x Contents
2.6.5 Algorithms for Optical Trap Patterns in the Fourier
Plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.6.6 Calibration of the Trap Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.7 Dynamic Holography for Optical Micromanipulation . . . . . . . . . 47
2.8 Applications of Optical Tweezers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.9 Diffractive and Non-diffractive Beam Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.9.1 Gaussian Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.9.2 Bessel Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.9.3 Superposition of Bessel Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.9.4 Laguerre Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.9.5 Mathieu Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.9.6 Airy Beams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.10 Direct Laser Writing with Two-Photon Polymerisation . . . . . . . . 64
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3 Available Systems and State of the Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.1 Systems for Optical Traps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.2 Imaging by Means of Digital Holographic Quantitative
Phase-Contrast Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3 Overview of HOT-Systems in Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4 Direct Laser Writing Lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5 Multifunctional Combined Microscopy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.6 Nano Coordinate Measuring Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.6.1 Properties of the NMM-1 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4 Experimental Methods and Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.1 Objectives and Motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 Subsequent Digital Holographic Focussing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.1 Autofocus Strategies and Application to Phase
Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.2 Halton Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.3 Experimental Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Partially Coherent
Light Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.3.1 Optical Setups and Digital Holographic
Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.3.2 Coherent Noise Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.3.3 Experimental Demonstrations and Applications . . . . . . . . 100
4.3.4 Adaption of Reconstruction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.3.5 Tayloring of the Coherence Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.4 Error Compensation of SPM in a Nano-positioning
Reference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113