Digital Design from the VLSI Perspective: Concepts for VLSI Beginners

309 Pages·2022·7.133 MB·English

by  Vaibbhav Taraate

Digital Design from the VLSI Perspective
Vaibbhav Taraate
Digital Design
from the VLSI Perspective
Concepts for VLSI Beginners
VaibbhavTaraate
1RupeeST(SemiconductorTraining@
Rs1)
Pune,Maharashtra,India
ISBN 978-981-19-4651-6 ISBN 978-981-19-4652-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4652-3
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DedicatedtomyInspiration
RespectedGordonMoore
and
LateRespectedAjitShelat
Preface
I am delighted to have the first edition of the Digital Logic Design from VLSI
Perspectivebook.Duringpasttwenty-oneyearsIhavetaughtthissubjectinvarious
multinationalcorporations.
Even during the VLSI-based product and system designs I have used various
techniques,andIamdelightedtosharethedomainknowledgewithyou.
Thiseditionincludesthedigitaldesignandvariouslogicdesigntechniquesfrom
theVLSIandsystemperspectives.Themanuscriptalsodiscussesabouttheperfor-
mance improvement of the design, and the design optimization and improvement
techniquesarealsoincludedinthisedition!
Especiallymorethanhundredsofpracticaldesignscenariosareincludedinthis
manuscript,andmanuscriptcontentsareusefultotheresearchersandengineers.
Fortheschematicoffewdesigns,IhaveusedXilinxVivadoandISE14.7.The
readers can go to www.xilinx.com and can download the EDA tool and even can
purchasetheXILINXFPGAboardsandtoolstoimplementtheproductsandideas
usingthearchitecturecasestudiesdiscussedinthisbook.
Thebookhas19chaptersandmainlyusefultounderstandaboutthelogicdesign
concepts,performanceimprovementofthedesign,designsfromVLSIperspective,
FSM-based designs, data and control path designs, and case studies from VLSI
perspective.
Thebookevencoverstheadvancedconceptsusedduringthearchitecturedesigns,
lowpower,andmultipleclockdomaindesignconcepts.
Chapter1Introduction:Thechapterdiscussesaboutthebasicsofdigitalsystems
andnumberrepresentations.
Chapter 2 Basics of Design Elements: The chapter is useful to understand the
basicsofcombinationalandsequentialdesignelements.
Chapter3SystemandArchitectureDesign:Thechapterisusefultounderstand
thearchitecture,micro-architecturedesign,andthedigitaldesignconceptsusefulto
designtheefficientarchitectureandmicro-architecture.
Chapter4CombinationalLogicandDesignTechniques:Thetechniquessuch
as K-maps and design using mux are always helpful during the design phase. In
this context the chapter discusses about the various design techniques, arithmetic
vii
viii Preface
resources, design using multiplexers, universal logic. The objective of the design
engineeristohavethedesignwithlessarea,morespeed,andlesspower.
Chapter 5 Data Control Elements and Applications: The chapter is useful to
understandthemultiplexersandtheirusefromVLSIperspective.
Chapter6DecodersandEncoders:Thechapterisusefultounderstandvarious
decoders,encoders,andprioritylogicandtheirapplications.
Chapter7CombinationalDesignScenarios:Thechapterisusefultounderstand
the applications of the multiplexers and design using the combinational elements.
Variousdesignscenariosarediscussedinthischapter.
Chapter 8 Synchronous Sequential Design: The main important sequential
design techniques are discussed in this chapter. The chapter focuses on the
synchronouscounters,shiftregisters,anddesignusingDflip-flops.
Chapter 9 Logic Design Scenarios and Objectives: The chapter is useful to
understandthevariousasynchronousdesigntechniquesandpracticalscenariosand
whyasynchronousdesignsarenotrecommendedinthedesignofSOCs.Eventhis
chapterisusefultounderstandtheimportantlogicdesignscenariosandobjectives
ofthedesignertohavedesignwithminimumarea,highspeed,andlowpower.
Chapter 10 Sequential Design Scenarios: The chapter is useful to understand
varioussequentialdesignscenarios.
Chapter 11 Timing Parameters and Maximum Frequency Calculations: To
understand much more about the timing and frequency calculations and to design
thearchitectures,thefirststepistheconceptualunderstandingofthesequentialcircuit
parameters. The chapter discusses about the delays, sequential circuit parameters,
andfrequencycalculations.
Chapter12FSMDesigns:Thechapterisusefultounderstandaboutthebasicsof
FSMdesigns,statediagramsandFSMrepresentations,FSMencodingtechniques,
anddesignofMooreandMealyFSMsforthegivenfunctionalspecifications.
Chapter 13 Design of Sequence Detectors: The FSM logic design of various
sequencedetectorswiththeminimumarea,maximumspeed,andminimumpower
arediscussedinthischapter.ThechapterisevenusefultounderstandabouttheFSM
optimizations,data,andcontrolpathsforthedesign.
Chapter14PerformanceImprovementfortheDesign:Theperformanceofthe
designcanbeimprovedbyusingarea,power,andspeedimprovementtechniques.In
thiscontextthechapterdiscussesaboutthebasicsoftheperformanceimprovement
for the design and how we can tweak the architectures and micro-architectures to
improvethedesignperformance.
Chapter15OptimizationTechniques:IntheVLSIcontextweneedtounderstand
thevariousarea,speed,andpoweroptimizationtechniques.Thechapterdiscusses
aboutthevarioustechniques usedduringthelogicandarchitecturedesigntohave
thelesserarea,maximumspeed,andlesserpower.
Chapter 16 Case Study: Speed Improvement for the Design: The chapter is
usefultounderstandthespeedimprovementtechniquessuchasregisterbalancing,
pipelining,andthedesigntweaksatthearchitectureandlogiclevel.Thechapteris
evenusefultounderstandthedesignofthepipelinedprocessor.
Preface ix
Chapter 17 Case Study: Multiple Clock Domains and FIFO Architecture
Design:Thischapterdiscussesaboutthemultipleclockdomaindesigntechniques
andthecontrolanddatapathsynchronizersandtheiruse!Eventhechapterisuseful
tounderstandabouttheasynchronousFIFOarchitecturedesign.
Chapter18HardwareDescriptionforDesign:Thechapterdiscussesaboutthe
basicsofthehardwaredescriptionandtheroleofthehardwaredescriptionlanguages
tohavetheefficientVLSI-baseddesigns.
Chapter19FPGAArchitectureandDesignFlow:Thechapterisusefultounder-
standabouttheFPGAarchitectureandFPGAdesignflow.Thechapterisalsouseful
to understand about the PLD classification and programmable features and use of
theFPGAsduringtheprototypephase.
Thebookcoversmorethanhundredsofpracticaldesignscenarios,examplesto
understand how to design the logic and architecture from the specifications? The
book is also useful to understand the optimization and performance improvement
techniques.Thebookevencoverstheimportantcasestudiesofpipelinedprocessor
architectureandmicro-architecturedesign,FIFOarchitecturedesign.
Thisbookisusefultotheengineeringundergraduates,postgraduates,VLSIbegin-
ners, RTL design beginners, system and logic design engineers, and professionals
thosewhowishtodesignthearchitecturesandmicro-architecturesusinglogicdesign
concepts!
Thankyouverymuchinadvanceforbuying,reading,andenjoyingthislengthy
manuscript.Iamsurethatyouwillbebenefitedwiththedomainknowledgethrough
thismanuscript!
VaibbhavTaraate
EntrepreneurandMentor
1RupeeST(SemiconductorTraining
@Rs1)
Pune,Maharashtra,India
https://www.onerupeest.com
Acknowledgements
Most of the engineers requested me to write a book on Digital Design from VLSI
Perspectiveduringthecorporatetrainingprograms.Overtheperiodoftimewhatever
experiencewhichIhavegainedIthoughttodocumentthepracticalscenariosinthis
manuscript.
This book is possible due to help of many people. I am thankful to all the
participants to whom I taught the subject Digital Design from VLSI Perspective
in various multinational corporations. I am thankful to all those entrepreneurs,
design/verificationengineers,andmanagerswithwhomIworkedinthepastalmost
around20years.
Especially I am thankful to my mother, father, and my mother-in-law for their
greatsupportduringthepandemicduration2020–2021.
Iamthankfultomydearestfriends,well-wishers,andfamilymembersfortheir
constantsupport.SpecialthankstoNeeraj,AnnuandDeepeshfortheirbestwishes
andfortheirvaluablehelpduringthemanuscriptwork.
SpecialthankstoSomi,Siddhesh,andKajalfortheirfaithandbeliefonmeand
fortheirindirectsupport.
Finally,IamthankfultoSpringerNaturestaff,especiallySwatiMeherishi,Apara-
jitaSingh,MuskanJaiswal,AshokKumar,VishnuMuthuswamyandRiniChristy,
fortheirgreatsupportduringthevariousphasesofthemanuscript.
Special thanks in advance to all the readers and engineers for buying, reading,
andenjoyingthisbook!
xi
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................. 1
1.1 NumberRepresentation .................................. 1
1.2 DigitalSystems:SystemPerspective ....................... 4
1.3 ProcessorsandTheirRole ................................ 5
1.4 TheImportantTerminology:SystemPerspective ............. 6
1.5 SystemDesignComponents .............................. 7
1.6 FewImportantConsiderations ............................ 8
1.7 Summary .............................................. 10
2 BasicsofDesignElements ...................................... 11
2.1 CombinationalDesignElements ........................... 11
2.1.1 LogicGatesandTheirUseintheDesign ........... 12
2.2 DeMorgen’sTheorems .................................. 20
2.2.1 NANDisEqualtoBubbledOR ................... 20
2.2.2 NORisEqualtoBubbledand .................... 21
2.3 LevelVersusEdgeSensitiveElements ...................... 22
2.3.1 LatchesandTheirUseintheDesign ............... 22
2.3.2 EdgeSensitiveElementsandTheirRole ........... 24
2.4 Summary .............................................. 26
3 SystemandArchitectureDesign ................................ 27
3.1 ArchitectureoftheDesign ................................ 27
3.2 Micro-ArchitectureoftheDesign .......................... 29
3.3 SystemDesignArchitecture .............................. 29
3.4 DesignfortheGlueLogic ................................ 32
3.5 Applicationof2-variableKarnaughMaps .................. 33
3.6 LetUsDesignTwoVariableFunction ...................... 34
3.7 SOPTermsandBooleanExpression ....................... 36
3.8 POSTermsandExpression ............................... 37
3.9 DesignofGlueorCombinationalUsingMinimumLogic
Gates .................................................. 37
3.10 Summary .............................................. 40
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