Digital Culture Industry: A History of Digital Distribution PDF
Preview Digital Culture Industry: A History of Digital Distribution
The Palgrave Macmillan Digital Culture Industry A History of Digital Distribution James Allen-Robertson Digital Culture Industry This page intentionally left blank Digital Culture Industry A History of Digital Distribution James Allen-Robertson JamesAllen-Robertson©2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-03346-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-44150-1 ISBN 978-1-137-03347-5 (eBook) DOI10.1057/9781137033475 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Contents ListofFigures vii Acknowledgements viii GlossaryofTerms ix 1 Introduction 1 Thetrialofthepiratekings 1 Thisbook 3 Afarfromsimplenarrative 5 2 WritingaDigitalHistorywithDigitalDocuments 11 Theeventbiography 11 Trawlingthearchiveofarchives 16 Digitaldocumentsandtheirdiscontents 23 3 MP3.comandNapster:TheEntrepreneursofRisk 39 TheMP3 39 MP3.com:anewtypeofmusic 41 Napster:buildinganetwork 44 MP3.com:sellingdigital 50 Napster:excitingdisruption 54 MP3.com:dismantlinginnovation 59 Myth 62 4 GNUtella:DecentralisingtheMasses 64 Nullsoft 64 GNUtella 71 Politicallydecentralised 74 5 FastTrack:TheBusinessofPiracy 76 ZennströmandFriis 76 Sharmantakesover 82 Grokster(KazaaandStreamcast)vMGM 85 Incorporatingthecompetition 89 Thebusinessofpiracy 91 v vi Contents 6 BitTorrent:RevolutionintheNetwork 94 Perfect 94 ThelegitimateBitTorrent 102 ThePirateBay 109 Apiraticalideology 128 7 HackingtheMarket 132 Keepingitinthefamily 132 Ahacker’smarket 138 8 NewMediaGatekeepers 152 Bringinthetechnologists! 152 Codesofcontrol 156 Competingwithfree 168 Thenewmediagatekeepers 184 9 AHistoryofDigitalDistribution 187 Adigitalcultureindustry 187 Change 194 Notes 201 Bibliography 204 Index 225 Figures 3.1 Simpleclientservernetworkarchitecture 46 3.2 Napsternetworkarchitecture 48 4.1 GNUtellanetworkarchitecture 69 5.1 FastTracknetworkarchitecture 79 6.1 BitTorrentnetworkarchitecture 100 vii Acknowledgements Asthehackerethicwouldhaveusbelieve,noworkcanbeattributed toasingleindividual.Itiscertainlytrueinthiscase;thoughIamthe only named author, this book was a community effort. I would like tothankKate,mypatientandsupportivewife,whosehandiworkcan beseeninthefiguresthroughout.IwouldliketothankNeilRenton for putting me on this path, as well as Professor Roger Burrows, Dr DavidBeer,BrianLoaderandDrMartinDodgefortheirguidanceand comments throughout. I thank Professor Samuelson at Berkley Law foransweringmyquestionsontheesotericUScopyrightlaw.Finally, Ithanktheinfinitepopulationofbloggers,tweeters,commentersand archiversthatproducedandcuratedthehugearchiveofdocuments thatmadethisworkpossible. This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council(grantnumberES/F03587X/1). viii Glossary of Terms AHRA AudioHomeRecordingActof1992 AntiPiratbyrån Swedishanti-piracyorganisation ARG AlternateRealityGame ASCAP AmericanSocietyofComposers,Authorsand Publishers BBS BulletinBoardSystem BDE BrilliantDigitalEntertainment BEN BitTorrentEntertainmentNetwork BMG BertelsmannMusicGroup Bootstrap Theself-sufficientprocessofconnectinganew nodetoanexistingnetwork MPEG MotionPictureExpertGroup–aspecialistgroup withintheInternationalStandardsOrganisation RIAA RecordingIndustryAssociationofAmerica MPAA MotionPictureAssociationofAmerica DAB DigitalAudioBroadcasting–adigitalradio broadcastingstandard,primarilyusedinEurope DAT DigitalAudioTape–arecordablemediumsimilar totapethatutilisedbinarysignal DHT DistributedHashTable–adecentralisedindexing service,usefulforco-ordinatingpeer-to-peer networks(seealsoPEX) DMCA DigitalMillenniumCopyrightActof1998 DRM DigitalRightsManagement EMI ElectricandMusicalIndustriesLtd EULA EndUserLicenceAgreement–aformofprivate contracttypicallyusedinsoftwarebetweenthe rightsholderandenduser F/OSS Free(and/or)OpenSourceSoftware IP IntellectualProperty ISO InternationalStandardsOrganisation JXTA Anopen-sourcepeer-to-peerprotocolproduced byGeneKan P2P Peer-to-Peer ix
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