Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends: A New Approach to Wireless Transceiver Design

268 Pages·2008·3.86 MB·English

by  François Horlin

Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends

Digital Compensation for
Analog Front-Ends
A New Approach to Wireless
Transceiver Design
François Horlin
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
André Bourdoux
Inter-university Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Belgium
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Publication
Copyright©2008 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
WestSussexPO198SQ,England
Telephone [phone]
Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected]
VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor
transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningor
otherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsof
alicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,
UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedto
thePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,West
SussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto([phone].
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrand
namesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregistered
trademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.ThePublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendor
mentionedinthisbook.
Alltrademarksreferredtointhetextofthispublicationarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.
Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubject
mattercovered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessional
services.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetent
professionalshouldbesought.
OtherWileyEditorialOffices
JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA
Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany
JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia
JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809
JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,ONT,L5R4J3,Canada
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay
notbeavailableinelectronicbooks.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Horlin,François.
Digital Compensation for Analog Front-Ends: A New Approach to Wireless Transceiver Design /
FrançoisHorlin,AndréBourdoux
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-51708-6(cloth)
1.Radio–Transmitter-receivers–Designandconstruction.2.Wirelesscommunicationsystems.3.Digital
communications.I.Bourdoux,André.II.Title.
TK6561.H632008
621.3845–dc22
2008003743
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-470-51708-6(HB)
TypesetbySunriseSettingLtd.
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,England.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Wirelesstransceiverfunctionaldescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Evolutionofthewirelesstransceiverdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Independentdesignofanalogfront-endanddigitaltransceiver . . . . 3
1.2.2 Lowcostanalogfront-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Highersystemrequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Wishforsoftwaredefinedradios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.5 Technologyscaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Contributionofthebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Low-costanalogfront-end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Integratedsystemstrategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.3 Emergingwirelesscommunicationsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 NewAirInterfaces 9
2.1 Orthogonalfrequency-divisionmultiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Single-carrierwithfrequencydomainequalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Multi-inputmulti-outputOFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.1 Space–timeblockcoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Space-divisionmultiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 Space-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Code-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.1 Direct-sequencecode-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.2 Multi-carriercode-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.3 Cyclic-prefixcode-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Frequency-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.1 Orthogonalfrequency-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.2 Single-carrierfrequency-divisionmultipleaccess . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3 RealLifeFront-Ends 37
3.1 Front-Endarchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.1 Mathematicalmodeloftheidealtransmitterandreceiver . . . . . . . 38
3.1.2 Classificationofarchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
vi CONTENTS
3.1.3 Super-heterodynearchitecturewithanalogquadrature . . . . . . . . 40
3.1.4 Super-heterodynearchitecturewithdigitalquadrature. . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.5 Directconversionarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.6 Low-IFarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.7 MIMOFEarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2 Constituentblocksandtheirnon-idealities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1 Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.2 Mixersandlocaloscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.3 A/DandD/Aconverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Individualnon-idealities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.1 Nonlinearamplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.2 Noiseinamplifiers(AWGN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.3 Carrierfrequencyoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.4 Phasenoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.5 IQimbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.6 DCoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.7 Quantizationnoiseandclipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.8 Samplingclockoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.9 Samplingjitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4 ImpactoftheNon-IdealFront-EndsontheSystemPerformance 71
4.1 OFDMsysteminthepresenceofcarrierfrequencyoffset,sampleclockoffset
andIQimbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1.1 Modelofthenon-idealitiesinthefrequencydomain . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1.2 Effectofcarrierfrequencyoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1.3 Effectofsampleclockoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.1.4 EffectofIQimbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.1.5 Combinationofeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.1.6 Extensiontothefrequency-dependentIQimbalance . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2 SC-FDE system in the presence of carrier frequency offset, sample clock
offsetandIQimbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.2.1 Effectofcarrierfrequencyoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2.2 Effectofsampleclockoffset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.3 EffectofIQimbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2.4 Combinationofeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3 ComparisonofthesensitivityofOFDMandSC-FDE toCFO, SCOandIQ
imbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4 OFDMandSC-FDEsystemsinthepresenceofphasenoise. . . . . . . . . . 98
4.4.1 Systemmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.4.2 ImpactofthePN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.4.3 Numericalanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.5 OFDMsysteminthepresenceofclipping,quantizationandnonlinearity . . . 103
4.5.1 Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.5.2 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.5.3 Clippingandquantizationinfrequencyselectivechannels . . . . . . 107
CONTENTS vii
4.5.4 Spectralregrowthwithclipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.5.5 Poweramplifiernonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.5.6 SpectralregrowthwithPAnonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.6 SC-FDEsysteminthepresenceofclipping,quantizationandnonlinearity . . 112
4.6.1 Impactofquantizationandclippingatthereceiver . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.6.2 Spectralregrowthwithclippingatthetransmitter . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.6.3 SpectralregrowthwithnonlinearPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.7 MIMOsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.7.1 ImpactofCFOandSCOonMIMO-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.7.2 SensitivityofSTBCandMRCtoCFO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.7.3 Antennamismatchandthereciprocityassumption . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.8 Multi-usersystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.8.1 MC-CDMAversusOFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.8.2 Userdependentnon-idealities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5 GenericOFDMSystem 135
5.1 DefinitionofthegenericOFDMsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.1.1 Framedescription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.1.2 OFDMreceiverdescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2 Burstdetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.2.1 Energy-baseddetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.2.2 Auto-correlation-baseddetection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.3 AGCsetting(amplitudeestimation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.4 Coarsetimingestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.5 CoarseCFOestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.6 Finetimingestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.7 FineCFOestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.8 Complexityofauto-andcross-correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.9 JointCFOandIQimbalanceacquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.9.1 Systemmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.9.2 Likelihoodfunctionanditssecond-orderapproximation . . . . . . . 157
5.9.3 MLestimateoftheCFOintheabsenceofIQimbalance . . . . . . . 158
5.9.4 EMalgorithmforthejointCFOandIQimbalanceestimation . . . . 159
5.9.5 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.9.6 Performanceandcomplexityanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.9.7 CompensationoftheCFOandIQimbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.10 Jointchannelandfrequency-dependentIQimbalanceestimation . . . . . . . 168
5.10.1 Systemmodel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.10.2 MLchannelestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.10.3 Performanceandcomplexityanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.10.4 Frequency-dependentIQimbalancecompensation . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.11 TrackingloopsforphasenoiseandresidualCFO/SCO . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.11.1 EstimationofresidualCFO/SCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.11.2 CFOtrackingloop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.11.3 SCOtrackingloop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182