Digital Audio Broadcasting: Principles and Applications of Digital Radio, Second Edition

350 Pages·2003·2.655 MB·English

Digital Audio
Broadcasting
DigitalAudioBroadcasting:PrinciplesandApplicationsofDigitalRadio,SecondEdition.
EditedbyW.HoegandT.Lauterbach(cid:1)2003JohnWiley&Sons,LtdISBN:0-470-85013-2
Digital Audio
Broadcasting
Principles and Applications
of Digital Radio
Second Edition
Edited by
WOLFGANG HOEG
Berlin, Germany
and
THOMAS LAUTERBACH
University of Applied Sciences, Nuernberg, Germany
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Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
List ofcontributors xvii
Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Radio in theDigital Age 2
1.3 Benefits ofthe Eureka147 DAB System 2
(Quality ofservice;Value added services; Universal system
layout;Flexible multiplex configuration; Transmissionefficiency)
1.4 History of the Origins of DAB 5
(Development, Organisations and platforms such asEureka 147;
WorldDAB;Milestones ofintroduction)
1.5 InternationalStandardisation 12
(System; Audiocoding; Data services; Network andtransmission;
Receiver; Guidelinesfor implementation; ETSI; IEC;
ITU-R; CENELEC;CEPT; EBU)
1.6 Relations to Other Digital BroadcastingSystems 14
(Satellite based systems Astra, Worldspace; Terrestrial
Systemssuch as DRM, Digital televisionDVB-T,
Digitalradio inUS and Japan; Web-casting)
2 System Concept 27
2.1 The Physical Channel 27
(Multipath propagation;Doppler shifted carriers)
vi Contents
2.2 The DAB Transmission System 30
(Multicarrier modulation;Frame structure ofDAB;
Channel coding; Interleaving andPSK mapping;Time interleaving
andoveralldelay; DQPSK modulation and frequency interleaving;
Performance considerations)
2.3 The DAB Multiplex 40
(Description ofthe multiplex; Main service channel;
Transportmechanism; FIC; Transmission frames; Logical
structure;Multiplex reconfiguration)
2.4 Conditional Access 48
(Scrambling/descrambling;Checking/management ofentitlements)
2.5 ServiceInformation 50
(Basic information;Service-related information;
Programme-related information; Announcements;
Numerous examples; Tuning aids)
3 Audio Services andApplications 75
3.1 General 75
(MPEG Audio coding vs. 16bit PCM)
3.2 Audio Coding 76
(Basic principles; Masking; Psycho-acoustic model;
Filterbank; Bit allocation; Quantisation; Layer II
audio bitstream; Audio decoding)
3.3 Characteristics and Features of MPEG-1LayerII forDAB 84
(Audio modes; Samplingrate; Audio frame structure;
Audio bit rates; Layer IIvs. SBR coding technologies)
3.4 Programme-associated Data 87
(Dynamic Range Control DRC; Music/Speech Control;
Receivingend)
3.5 Advanced Audio Applications Using MPEG-2Features 91
(Multichannelaudiocoding;Half–sampling–rate coding;
Multilingual services; Audio broadcasting for Hearingimpaired)
3.6 Quality of Service 102
(Audio quality; Subjective assessment; Objective
assessment – PEAQ)
3.7 Error Protection andConcealment 111
(Error protection; Concealmentmeasures; Assessment
oferror performance)
3.8 ATypicalDAB Ensemble 120
Contents vii
3.9 Audio Levels 121
(Audiosignallevel alignment; Programmeloudness)
4 Data Services and Applications 127
4.1 General 127
(Introductory information)
4.2 Data ServiceSignalling 127
(General considerations)
4.3 MultimediaApplications withMOT 128
(Multimedia Object TransferProtocol MOT;
MOT object transport)
4.4 Standardised MOTUser Application 133
(MOT slide show;Broadcast web site; Interactive services)
4.5 ‘‘Mobil-Info’’ asan Exampleof aProprietary MOT
User Application 137
(Presentationof video clips,news and graphic
animation ina tram)
4.6 Textual PAD Services 139
(Dynamic label;Other textualPAD services)
4.7 TrafficInformation Servicesand Navigation Aids 140
(Trafficmassage channel TMC; TPEG; DifferentialGPS)
4.8 MovingPicture Services 143
(Digtal multimedia broadcastDMB; MotionPAD)
4.9 Other Data Transmission Mechanism 145
(Transparent datachannel; IPtunnelling)
5 Provision ofServices 151
5.1 The DAB Service Landscape 151
(StructureofDAB service organisation; Main services;
Dataservices)
5.2 Use ofExisting Infrastructures 157
(Broadcasting operation systems;Editorial systems)
5.3 Need for New Infrastructure 159
(Data management; Multimedia editorial tools; Data inserter)
5.4 Relationshipbetween DAB Data Servicesand RDS 166
(DAB SId vs. RDS PI code; PTy codes; DAB
Announcements vs. RDSTA; DAB Dynamiclabel vs.
Radiotext; Crossrefering DAB services from RDS)
viii Contents
5.5 ElectronicProgramme Guide (EPG) forDAB 176
(Development; Data formatting; Transportation and compressing;
Data management; Launch ofEPG; User interface)
5.6 PossibleNew Audio Services 183
(Dynamic reconfiguration; Secondary services;
Announcementchannels for ‘‘Near Radio on Demand’’;
Announcementswitching; Mailbox radio)
6 Collectionand Distribution Networks 187
6.1 General 187
(Requirements;Ensemble multiplexer;
Broadcast network;Implementation)
6.2 The Collection Network 193
(Service Transport Interface STI; Network architecture;
Operation;STI implementationlevels;Integration of
non-STI service providers; Advanced features)
6.3 The Distribution Network 208
(EnsembleTransport Interface ETI; Network
architecture; Operation)
6.4 Example ofImplementation 212
(Operational scenario; Service providerprofile;
Equipment; Experience)
7 The Broadcast Side 221
7.1 General 221
(Scope and structureof thechapter)
7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Aspects 221
(The impairedRF channel;Propagationmodels;
Propagationmodel for DAB; Building penetration losses)
7.3 Introduction to DAB Networks 231
(FM vs. DAB Networks;SFNs with DAB;
Advantages ofSFNs)
7.4 Particularities ofSinglefrequency networks(SFN) 235
(COFDM principles; Time and frequency synchronisation;
Coverage ofSFNs;Gap fillers;TII features)
7.5 DAB Transmitters 241
(Signal processing of aCOFDM modulator;
D/Aconversion; RF upconversion; Amplification and filtering)
Contents ix
7.6 Coverage Planning 246
(Field strength, interference and delay considerations;
Detailed planning; Examplesof SFNs inBand III and L-band)
7.7 Coverage Evaluation and Monitoring ofSFNs 255
(Parameters;BER measurements;Timing adjustment
and monitoringofSFNs)
7.8 Frequency Management 260
(General aspects;Allocationof frequencies)
8 The Receiving Side 265
8.1 General 265
(Normative receiver requirements; Receiver architecture overview)
8.2 RF Front-end 268
(Requirements;Analoguefront end architecture; Future developments)
8.3 Digital BasebandProcessing 276
(Digitalfront-end; OFDM demodulation; DPQSK
demodulation; Deinterleaving; Viterbi decoding;Synchronisation)
8.4 Audio Decoder 281
(Decoder architecture; Normative requirements)
8.5 Interfaces 283
(Datainterfaces; Control interfaces)
8.6 Integrated Circuits forDAB 284
(Jessi DAB chip sets;D-Firechip-set)
8.7 ReceiverOverview 293
(Car radios;Home tuners; PCbased receivers;
Portable receivers; Reference receivers)
8.8 Operating aDAB Receiver– the Human–Machine Interface 294
(Requirements;Programme type PTy; Announcements;
Frequencyand servicefollowing; DAB receivers for new
types ofservices)
Appendices 299
Appendix1: DAB ParametersforModes I,II, III and IV 299
(Physical system parametersand relations)
Appendix2: Digital Radio (DAB): Status of Introduction World-wide 301
(DAB implementations in Europe, Africa,
America,Asiaand Australia)
x Contents
Appendix 3:Frequencies for Terrestrial and
Satellite DAB Transmission 305
(CEPT frequencytablesfor Europe, Canada and Australia)
Bibliography 309
Standards and Related Documents 309
Publications 313
Further Reading 320
Internet Links 321
Index 323
Foreword
Theyear2002hasseenmanypromisingdevelopmentsforDABinmanypartsofthe
world.Thereisafeelingthatthemarketismovingandmakingrealprogress.Forthe
first time, DAB has reached a stage where those who work to make DAB a market
success find themselves involved in an ongoing dialogue with those for whom DAB
Digital Radio is ultimately intended, the consumers. And feedback is exceedingly
good.‘‘Yes,welovetheimprovedsoundqualityandeaseofuse’’,saythenewdigital
radioowners.‘‘Aboveall,welovethenewservicesandthechoicesthatDABDigital
Radiohasbroughtus,andweverymuchenjoybeingabletocontrolhow,whereand
when we listen to radio.’’ This is very encouraging to see. The audience feels that
promises have indeed been delivered. For the moment the market development has
come furthest in the UK, but many other countries are well under way to reach the
same stage. For instance in Denmark during the past six months a good choice of
programmes and a large proportion of new DAB-only services are encouraging the
rapid adoption of DAB Digital Radio.
OneofthereasonswehavereachedthisstageinthemarketdevelopmentofDAB,
isthefactthatawiderangeofreasonablypricedreceiversisnowavailable,andasa
resultdemandisoutstrippingsupply.Allthishasbeenmadepossiblebyrecent,very
promising chip set developments.
At this particular point in time it is also very pleasing that a new and updated
editionofthisexcellenthandbookwillbepublished.Itisatechnicalbook,writtenby
engineers for engineers. For anybody within the technical area of the broadcasting
industry or university world, in need of a handbook on DAB, it is an excellent and
essential source of information. Furthermore, having all this relevant information
gathered in one place makes this publication the ideal pointof initial contact.
Digital Audio Broadcasting was first introduced to me in 1997 on returning to
radio, after a period often years intelevision. DAB seemed to be a highly technical
subjectatthetime,andIrememberbeingfairlyscepticalaboutit.AtthattimeIfelt
thattheongoingdiscussionhadnoconnectionwiththeultimateuserandconsumer
ofdigitalradioservices,andasaprogrammerthatwasofcoursenotverysatisfying.
ButIsoonrealisedwhatagreatopportunityDABwasforradio,andthefurtherwe
took the process of digitalisation of radio production within YLE, the more con-
vinced I became that ultimately the digital distribution of radio would become
inevitable.Otherwisetheconsumerwouldneverbenefitfrommanyoftheadvantages
that digitalisation brought with it. When all information and data is available to