Digital Audio Broadcasting: Principles and Applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB, Third Edition

440 Pages·2009·9.766 MB·English

Digital Audio Broadcasting
DigitalAudioBroadcasting:PrinciplesandApplicationsofDAB,DAB+andDMB,ThirdEdition Edited by W. Hoeg and T. Lauterbach
© 2009JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-51037-7
Digital Audio
Broadcasting
Principles and Applications
of DAB, DAB+ and DMB
THIRD EDITION
Editors
WOLFGANG HOEG
AudioConsultant,Berlin,Germany
and
THOMAS LAUTERBACH
Georg-Simon-Ohm,UniversityofAppliedSciences,Nu¨rnberg,Germany
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Publication
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Digitalaudiobroadcasting:principlesandapplicationsofDAB,DABþandDMB/editedby
WolfgangHoeg,ThomasLauterbach.—3rded.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-51037-7(cloth)
1. Digitalaudiobroadcasting. I. Hoeg,Wolfgang. II. Lauterbach,Thomas.
TK6562.D54D542009
621.384—dc22
2009001879
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-0-470-51037-7(Hbk)
Setin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd.,Pondicherry,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire.
Contents
ListofContributors xiii
Preface xix
Foreword xxiii
Abbreviations xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 RadiointheDigitalAge 2
1.3 BenefitsoftheEureka147DABSystemsFamily 2
1.3.1 TheOriginalDABSystem 2
1.3.2 BenefitsoftheUpgradedSystemDAB+ 5
1.4 HistoryoftheOriginsofDAB 5
1.4.1 StepsofDevelopment 5
1.4.2 OrganisationsandPlatforms 10
1.4.3 MilestonesofIntroduction 12
1.5 InternationalStandardisation 13
1.5.1 BasicRequirementsandSystemStandards 13
1.5.2 AudioCoding 13
1.5.3 DataandMultimediaServices 14
1.5.4 NetworkandTransmissionStandards 14
1.5.5 ReceiverRequirements 15
1.5.6 GuidelinesforImplementationandOperation 15
1.6 RelationstoOtherDigitalBroadcastingSystems 15
1.6.1 Satellite-basedDigitalRadioSystems 15
1.6.2 TerrestrialDigitalBroadcastingSystems 19
1.6.3 DigitalRadioMondiale(DRM) 23
1.6.4 InternetRadio(Web-casting) 25
vi Contents
2 SystemConcept 29
2.1 ThePhysicalChannel 29
2.2 TheDABTransmissionSystem 32
2.2.1 MulticarrierModulation 32
2.2.2 TheFrameStructureofDAB 35
2.2.3 ChannelCoding 36
2.2.4 InterleavingandPSKMapping 42
2.2.5 TimeInterleavingandOverallDelay 42
2.2.6 DQPSKModulationandFrequencyInterleaving 44
2.2.7 PerformanceConsiderations 44
2.3 TheDABMultiplex 47
2.3.1 Mode-IndependentDescriptionoftheMultiplex 47
2.3.2 TheMainServiceChannel 48
2.3.3 TransportMechanisms 48
2.3.4 FastInformationChannel(FIC) 55
2.3.5 TransmissionFrames 56
2.3.6 TheLogicalStructureoftheDABMultiplex 56
2.3.7 MultiplexReconfiguration 57
2.4 ConditionalAccess 58
2.4.1 GeneralPrinciples 58
2.4.2 SystemArchitectureofHECA(Fraunhofer-IIS) 62
2.4.3 ConditionalAccessFrameworkforDAB 63
2.5 ServiceInformation 66
2.5.1 Introduction 66
2.5.2 CodingofLabels 66
2.5.3 BasicServiceInformation 68
2.5.4 Service-relatedInformation 70
2.5.5 Programme-relatedFeatures 74
2.5.6 Announcements 77
2.5.7 OtherEnsembleServices 82
2.5.8 TuningAids 83
3 AudioServicesandApplications 93
3.1 General 93
3.2 AudioCodingandDecoding 94
3.2.1 PerceptualCoding 94
3.2.2 MPEG-1/2AudioLayerII 96
3.2.3 MPEG-2/4HEAAC 101
3.2.4 SpectralBandReplication(SBR) 107
3.2.5 ParametricStereoCoding(PS) 109
3.2.6 AudioDecoding 112
3.3 CharacteristicsofDABAudioCoding 113
3.3.1 AudioModes 114
3.3.2 SamplingRate 114
3.3.3 FrameStructure 115
3.3.4 BitRates 115
Contents vii
3.4 DAB+CodingSchemes 116
3.4.1 IsAudioLayerIIStillUp-to-dateforDAB? 116
3.4.2 DAB+AudioCoding 117
3.5 Programme-associatedData 120
3.5.1 DynamicRangeControl(DRC) 121
3.5.2 Music/SpeechControl(M/S) 122
3.5.3 TransportMechanismofDRCandM/SData 122
3.5.4 TheReceivingEnd 123
3.6 MultichannelAudiowithDAB 124
3.6.1 CharacteristicsoftheMPEG-2MultichannelAudioCoding
System 124
3.6.2 3/2-MultichannelPresentationPerformance 126
3.6.3 CompatibilityAspects 128
3.6.4 MPEGSurroundforHEAAC 130
3.7 OtherAdvancedAudioApplications 134
3.7.1 MultilingualExtension 134
3.7.2 HalfSamplingRateCoding 135
3.7.3 AudioBroadcastingfortheHearingImpaired 136
3.8 QualityofService 139
3.8.1 AnaloguevsDigitalTransmission 140
3.8.2 AudioQualityvsBitRate 141
3.8.3 SubjectiveQualityAssessment 142
3.8.4 SubjectiveTestsforAACCodecFamily 145
3.8.5 ErrorProtectionandConcealment 150
3.8.6 ObjectiveQualityAssessment 158
3.9 AudioLevels 160
3.9.1 AudioSignalLevelAlignment 160
3.9.2 ProgrammeLoudness 164
4 DataServicesandApplications 167
4.1 General 167
4.2 DataApplicationSignallingandAccess 167
4.3 TheMultimediaObjectTransferProtocol 170
4.3.1 GeneralPrinciples 170
4.3.2 StructureofMOT 170
4.3.3 TransmissionofMOTandOverheadConsiderations 171
4.3.4 MOTHeaderParameters 174
4.3.5 AdvancedFeaturesoftheMOTDirectoryMode 175
4.4 StandardisedMOTUserApplications 175
4.4.1 MOTSlideshow 175
4.4.2 MOTBroadcastWebSite 176
4.4.3 ElectronicProgrammeGuide(EPG) 177
4.5 TextBasedServices 177
4.5.1 DynamicLabel 177
4.5.2 Journaline 179
viii Contents
4.6 TrafficInformationServicesandNavigationAids 187
4.6.1 TrafficMessageChannel(TMC) 187
4.6.2 TPEG 188
4.6.3 DifferentialGPS 188
4.7 OtherDataTransmissionMechanisms 189
4.7.1 TransparentDataChannel 189
4.7.2 IP-Tunnelling 190
5 ProvisionofServices 193
5.1 TheDABServiceLandscape 193
5.1.1 StructureofDABServiceOrganisation 193
5.1.2 DABMainServices 195
5.1.3 DataServices 198
5.2 UseofExistingInfrastructures 200
5.2.1 BroadcastingOperationSystems 200
5.2.2 EditorialSystems 201
5.3 NeedforNewInfrastructure 202
5.3.1 ManagementofTextandServiceData 202
5.3.2 MultimediaEditorialTools 205
5.3.3 DataInserter 207
5.4 RelationshipbetweenDABDataServices
andRDS 210
5.4.1 DABSIdversusRDSPICode 210
5.4.2 ProgrammeTypeCodes 211
5.4.3 AnnouncementsinDABversusTAinRDS 211
5.4.4 DynamicLabelinDABversusRadiotextinRDS 211
5.4.5 Cross-referencingDABServicesfromRDS 216
5.5 ElectronicProgrammeGuide(EPG)forDAB 220
5.5.1 General 220
5.5.2 DevelopmentoftheDABEPG 221
5.5.3 Dataformatting 221
5.5.4 TransportationandCompressionoftheEPG 224
5.5.5 EPGDataManagement 227
5.5.6 LaunchofEPGservices 228
5.6 PossibleNewAudioServices 228
5.6.1 DynamicReconfigurationforTemporaryServiceSplitting 228
5.6.2 SecondaryServiceComponentsforMainandSub-Services 228
5.6.3 AnnouncementChannelsfora‘‘NearRadioonDemand’’ 229
5.6.4 AnnouncementSwitchingforPersonalPreferences 229
5.6.5 MailboxRadio 229
6 CollectionandDistributionNetworks 231
6.1 General 231
6.1.1 BasicRequirements 231
6.1.2 EnsembleMultiplexer 233
6.1.3 ConceptualBroadcastNetworkOutline 235
6.1.4 ImplementationIssues 235
Contents ix
6.2 TheCollectionNetwork 237
6.2.1 TheServiceTransportInterface(STI) 237
6.2.2 NetworkArchitecture 242
6.2.3 NetworkOperation 244
6.2.4 STIImplementationLevels 248
6.2.5 IntegrationofNon-STIServiceProviders 250
6.2.6 AdvancedFeaturesandFurther
Development 251
6.3 TheDistributionNetwork 251
6.3.1 TheEnsembleTransportInterface(ETI) 251
6.3.2 NetworkArchitecture 253
6.3.3 NetworkOperation 254
6.4 ExampleofImplementation 256
6.4.1 OperationalScenario 256
6.4.2 TheServiceProviderProfile 257
6.4.3 EquipmentinUse 258
7 TheBroadcastSide 263
7.1 General 263
7.2 IntroductiontoDABNetworks 263
7.2.1 DifferencebetweenFMandDABNetworks 263
7.2.2 SingleFrequencyNetworks 264
7.3 ParticularitiesofSingleFrequencyNetworks(SFNs) 267
7.3.1 ReviewofCOFDMPrinciples 267
7.3.2 TimeandFrequencySynchronisation 267
7.3.3 NetworkGain 267
7.3.4 Self-InterferenceinDABNetworks 268
7.3.5 OptimisedCoverageofSFNs 268
7.3.6 ClosureofCoverageGapsUsingGapFillers 269
7.3.7 ApplicationoftheTIIFeatureinSFNs 271
7.4 DABTransmitters 272
7.4.1 GeneralAspects 272
7.4.2 SignalProcessingBlocksofaCOFDMModulator 273
7.4.3 Digital-to-analogueConversion 274
7.4.4 RFUpconversion 276
7.4.5 AmplificationandFiltering 276
7.5 RadioFrequencyPropagationAspects 278
7.5.1 TheImpairedRFChannel 278
7.5.2 PropagationandChannelModels 282
7.6 CoveragePlanning 288
7.6.1 ReceptionModes 288
7.6.2 PlanningCriteria 289
7.6.3 InterferenceConsiderations 293
7.6.4 DelayConsiderations 295
7.6.5 CoveragePrediction 298
7.6.6 FurtherPlanningConsiderations 299
x Contents
7.6.7 ExampleofanSFNinBandIII 300
7.6.8 ExampleofanSFNinL-Band 301
7.7 CoverageEvaluationandMonitoringofSFNs 303
7.7.1 ParametersforDABCoverageEvaluation 303
7.7.2 ACloserLookatBitErrorRatioMeasurements 305
7.7.3 TimingAdjustmentofSFNs 307
7.7.4 MonitoringofSFNs 307
7.8 FrequencyManagement 307
7.8.1 GeneralAspects 307
7.8.2 TheFrequencyPlanningConferencesforDABinEurope 309
7.8.3 TheFrequencyPlanforDABinCanada 310
7.8.4 AllocationofFrequenciesandPracticeofCoordination 311
8 TheReceivingSide 319
8.1 General 319
8.1.1 NormativeReceiverRequirements 320
8.1.2 DiscussionoftheMinimumReceiverRequirements 321
8.1.3 ReceiverArchitectureOverview 323
8.2 RFFront-end 324
8.2.1 Requirements 324
8.2.2 AnalogueFront-endConceptsandArchitectures 329
8.2.3 TrendsandFutureDevelopments 333
8.3 DigitalBasebandProcessing 334
8.3.1 DigitalFront-end 334
8.3.2 OFDMDemodulation 335
8.3.3 DQPSKDemodulation 336
8.3.4 Deinterleaving 337
8.3.5 ViterbiDecoding 338
8.3.6 Synchronisation 338
8.4 AudioDecoder 339
8.4.1 LayerIIAudioDecoderArchitecture 340
8.4.2 Reed-SolomonDecodingandVirtualDeinterleaving 340
8.4.3 AACAudioDecoderArchitecture 342
8.4.4 NormativeRequirements 343
8.5 Interfaces 344
8.6 IntegratedCircuitsforDAB 345
8.6.1 OverviewofDABChip-sets 345
8.6.2 HistoryofDABChip-sets–theJESSIProgramme 346
8.6.3 D-FIREChip-set(Bosch) 348
8.7 ReceiverOverview 354
8.7.1 HistoryofReceiverDevelopment 355
8.7.2 ReceiverCategories 355
8.7.3 ReceiverMarket 356
8.8 ReceiverFeatures 357
8.8.1 GeneralAspects 357
Contents xi
8.8.2 ExamplesofReceiverFeatures 358
8.8.3 FutureTrends 360
9 MobileTelevisionandMultimedia 363
9.1 Overview 363
9.1.1 HistoryandRequirements 363
9.1.2 SituationofMobileTVinDifferentPartsoftheWorld 365
9.1.3 SpectrumResources 365
9.1.4 IntegrationofMobileTVServicesinDAB/DAB+Radio
Ensembles 366
9.1.5 TransportMechanismswithImprovedRobustness 367
9.1.6 TheMPEG-2TransportStream 367
9.1.7 CommonalitiesofDAB-DMBandDAB-IPDC 369
9.2 DAB-DMB 369
9.2.1 Overview 369
9.2.2 Transport 370
9.2.3 PSI/SISignalling 371
9.2.4 DMB-Radio 372
9.2.5 OverheadofLowRateApplications 372
9.2.6 DMBImplementations 374
9.3 DAB-IPDC 374
9.3.1 Overview 374
9.3.2 Transport 375
9.3.3 PSI/SISignalling 377
9.3.4 Application‘MobileTV’ 378
9.4 ApplicationStandardisation 380
9.5 Conclusions 380
Appendix1DABParametersforModesI,II,IIIandIV 383
Appendix2FrequenciesforTerrestrialandSatelliteDABTransmission 387
Appendix3DABSystemProtocolStack 393
Bibliography 395
Index 413