Digital and Analog Fiber Optic Communications for CATV and FTTx Applications (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM174) (Press Monograph)

1067 Pages·2008·17.65 MB·English

by  Avigdor Brillant

Bellingham, Washington USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Brillant, Avigdor.
Digital and analog fiber optic communications for CATV and FTTx applications / Avigdor Brillant.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
“PM174.”
ISBN 978-0-8194-6757-7 (alk. paper)
1. Optical fiber subscriber loops. 2. Cable television--Equipment and supplies. 3. Fiber optic
cables. 4. Optoelectronic devices. I. Title.
TK5103.592.O68.B75 2008

621.382'75--dc22
2008019335

Published by

SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://spie.org

and

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, New Jersey 07030
Phone [phone]
FAX + 1 201 748 6088

Copyright © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.

The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the author(s).
Every effort has been made to publish reliable and accurate information herein,
but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any
outcomes resulting from reliance thereon.

Printed in the United States of America.
To my wife Merav
and our children Guy, Rotem, and Eden
In the memory of my parents,
Rosita Brillant (Segal) and Edmond Wilhelm Brillant

Contents
Nomenclature xiii
Constants and Symbols xxvii
Preface xxix
Acknowledgment xxxiii
Part 1 System Overview 1
1 WDM, Fiber to the X, and HFC Systems: A Technical Review 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Cable TV and Networks System Overview 10
1.3 PON and Its Variants 21
1.4 Main Points of this Chapter 32
References 34
2 Basic Structure of Optical Transceivers 39
2.1 Analog CATV Receiver and Coax Cables 39
2.2 Analog CATV Return-Path Receiver and Transmitter 43
2.3 Digital Transceiver 46
2.4 ITR Digital Transceiver and Analog Receiver 49
2.5 Architecture of Tunable Wavelength Transmitters 52
2.6 Main Points of this Chapter 53
References 54
3 Introduction to CATV Standards and Concepts of Operation 55
3.1 Television Systems Fundamentals 55
3.2 Video Bandwidth and Spectrum Considerations of Color TV 61
3.3 Digital TV and MPEG Standards 76
3.4 NTSC Frequency Plan and Minimum System Requirements 96
3.5 Basic NTSC TV Signal Testing 101
3.6 Main Points of this Chapter 110
References 112
vii
viii Contents
Part 2 Semiconductors and Passives 115
4 Introduction to Optical Fibers and Passive Optical
Fiber Components 117
4.1 Single Mode Fiber 119
4.2 Optical Fiber Connectors 123
4.3 Optical Couplers 127
4.4 WDM Multiplexers 131
4.5 Optical Isolators and Circulators 163
4.6 Main Points of this Chapter 171
References 174
5 Optics, Modules, and Lenses 179
5.1 Planar Lightwave Circuits 179
5.2 Free-Space Bulk-Optic WDM Modules 187
5.3 Main Points of this Chapter 203
References 206
6 Semiconductor Laser Diode Fundamentals 209
6.1 Basic Laser Physics—Concepts of Operation 209
6.2 Semiconductor Laser Structure—Gain Guided Versus
Index Guided 214
6.3 Longitudinal Modes and a Fabry Perot (FP) Lasers 216
6.4 Distributed Feedback (DFB) and Distributed
Bragg Reflector (DBR) Lasers 219
6.5 Multiple Quantum Well Lasers 224
6.6 Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser 226
6.7 Tunable Lasers 231
6.8 LASER Characteristics in RF 246
6.9 Quantum Efficiency 253
6.10 Main Points of this Chapter 253
References 257
7 Laser Dynamics: External Modulation for CATV and
Fast Data Rates 261
7.1 Dynamic Response of Semiconductor Laser 262
7.2 Large Signal Deviation from a Basic Model 271
7.3 Amplitude-Phase Coupling (Chirp) 274
7.4 Laser Distortions 277
7.5 External Modulation 297
7.6 Main Points of this Chapter 306
References 308
8 Photodetectors 313
8.1 Photodetectors and Detection of General Background 313
8.2 Junction Photodetector 320
8.3 Avalanche Photodetector 346
Contents ix
8.4 Bias Considerations 353
8.5 Photodetection and Coherent Detection 354
8.6 Main Points of this Chapter 355
References 359
Part 3 RF and Control Concepts 363
9 Basic RF Definitions and IMD Effects on TV Picture 365
9.1 Distortions and Dynamic Range 365
9.2 1-dB Compression Point and IP3 Relations 370
9.3 Amplifier Gain Reduction Due to Third-Order Nonlinearity 372
9.4 Cross Modulation Effects 375
9.5 AM-to-PM Effects 376
9.6 Multitone CTB Relations 377
9.7 RF Lineups, NF Calculations, and Considerations 382
9.8 RF Lineups, P and IP Calculations, and Considerations 387
1dB 3
9.9 Mismatch Effects 389
9.10 CSO and CTB Distortion Effects on TV Picture 391
9.11 Main Points of this Chapter 397
References 398
10 Introduction to Receiver Front-End Noise Modeling 401
10.1 Noise Analysis Basics 402
10.2 Noise Sources in an Optical Receiver 407
10.3 Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise) 407
10.4 Shot Noise 410
10.5 1/f Noise 411
10.6 Carrier to Noise Ratio 413
10.7 PIN Photodetector Noise Modeling 426
10.8 APD Photodetector Noise Modeling 426
10.9 Receiver Front-End Design Considerations 429
10.10 Main Points of this Chapter 443
References 444
11 Amplifier Analysis and Design Concepts 447
11.1 Noise Parameters of a Two-Port Device 447
11.2 Two-Port Network Matching to Minimum Noise 454
11.3 Noise Modeling of MESFET 456
11.4 Noise Modeling of Bipolar Junction Transistors 461
11.5 MESFET Feedback Amplifier 464
11.6 Distributed Amplifier 472
11.7 Operational Transimpedance Amplifiers PIN TIA 477
11.8 Biasing Methods 491
11.9 Equalizers and Optimum Placement of Equalizers 497
11.10 Matched PIN VVA 504