Diffraction-Limited Imaging with Very Large Telescopes PDF
Preview Diffraction-Limited Imaging with Very Large Telescopes
Diffraction-Limited Imaging with Very Large Telescopes NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London o Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences -Vol. 274 Diffraction-Limited Imaging with Very Large Telescopes edited by D. M. Alloin and J.-M. Mariotti Observatoire de Paris, France Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht / Boston / London Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Diffraction-Limited Imaging with Very Large Telescopes Cargese, Corsica 13-23 September 1988 Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute (1988 : Cargese, France) Diffraction-limited Imaging with very large telescopes I edited by D.M. Allain and J.-M. Mariotti. p. em. -- (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 274) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Cargese, Cars ica, Septmeber 13-23, 1988." Inc 1u des index. 1. Imaging systems in astronomy--Congresses. 2. Very large array telescopes--Congresses. 1. Allain, D. M. <Danielle M.) ,1944- II. Mariotti, J.-M. (Jean-Marie), 1955- III. Title. IV. Series: NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; no. 274. OB51.3.E43N38 1988 522' .2--dc19 89-2340 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7553-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2340-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2340-9 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid free paper All Rights Reserved © 1989 by Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface........................................................................... ix List of participants ................................................................ xi Photograph ........................................................................ xv Index to Photograph ............................................................... xvi Part I: Basic principles INTRODUCTION TO FOURIER OPTICS AND COHERENCE ..................... 3 J.-M. Mariotti OPTICAL PROPAGATION AND IMAQE FORMATION THROUGH THE TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE ................................... 33 F. Roddier RADIO TELESCOPES: BASIC CONCEPTS ..................................... ..53 D. Downes ( CONTINUOUSLY MOVABLE TELESCOPES FOR OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRy ............................................................... 85 M. Vivekanand and D. Downes Part II: Module and phase estimation, image reconstruction AMPLITUDE ESTIMATION FROM SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY ............. 99 C. Perrier NOTES ON NOISE CALIBRATION OF SPECKLE IMAGERY .................... 113 E.1<:. Hege AMPLITUDE ESTIMATION FROM DILUTED ARRAY INTERFEROMETRY .................................. 125 Y. Rabbia FIRST ORDER IMAGING METHODS: AN INTRODUCTION .................... 141 E. K. Hege SPECKLE IMAGING WITH THE PAPA DETECTOR AND THE KNOX-THOMPSON ALGORITHM .......................................... 157 P. Nisenson vi PHASE CLOSURE IMAGING - THEORY & PRACTICE .......................... 171 C.A.Haniff SPECKLE MASKING, SPECKLE SPECTROSCOPY, AND OPTICAL APERTURE SYNTHESIS ........................................ 191 G. Weigelt MERITS OF PHASE RESTORATION METHODS ................................ 201 A. Chelli PUPIL-PLANE INTERFEROMETRY ............................................. 221 C. Roddier and F. Roddier REAL-TIME WAVEFRONT SENSING AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS ................ 237 F. Merkle DIFFERENTIAL INTERFEROMETRY ........................................... 249 R. G. Petrov IMAGE RESTORATION .......................................................... 273 T. J. Cornwell DECONVOLUTION ANCIENT AND (VERY) MODERN .......................... 293 R. H. Bates and B. L. Davey Part III: Scientific and technical prospects ASTROPHYSICAL PROGRAMS FOR HIGH ANGULAR RESOLUTION OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY .................................................. 307 S. T. Ridgway FRONTIERS OF INTERFEROMETRY ........................................... 327 A. Labeyrie PERSPECTIVES IN OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY ............................. 341 P. Lena Part IV: Contributed seminars and posters COPHASING TELESCOPE ARRAYS ............................................. 355 J. M. Beckers SOME THOUGHTS ON THE COMBINATION OF BEAMS IN INTERFEROMETERS USING TELESCOPES OF UNEQUAL SIZE ............... 365 J. M. Beckers vii REAL-TIME IMAGE SHARPENING .............................................. 369 M. N. Devaney et al. SCASIS, DIFFRACTION-LIMITED IMAGING USING A REDUNDANT PUPIL PLANE-INTERFEROMETER ........................... 379 C. M. de Vos et at. APERTURE SYNTHESIS IN SPACE: OVERVIEW AND RESULTS FROM THE ESA STUDY GROUP ..................................... 389 M. Faucherre et at. ESTIMATION AND RECONSTRUCTION FROM ABERRATED AMPLITUDE INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS .......................... 405 J. D. Gorman and J. R. Fienup LUNAR OCCULTATIONS FOR MILLIARCSECOND RESOLUTION AND THEIR RELATION TO INTERFEROMETRIC TECHNIQUES AT PRESENT AND IN FUTURE ................................................. 415 A. Richichi - List of posters ..................................................................... 425 Index .............................................................................. 431 PREFACE A few years ago, a real break-through happened in observational astronomy: the un derstanding of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on the structure of stellar images, and of ways to overcome this dramatic degradation. This opened a route to diffraction-limited observations with large telescopes in the optical domain. Soon, the first applications of this new technique led to some outstanding astrophysical results, both at visible and infrared wavelengths. Yet, the potential of interferometric observations is not fully foreseeable as the first long-baseline arrays of large optical telescopes are being built or cOIIllnissioned right now. In this respect a comparison with the evolution of radio-astronomy is tempting. From a situation where, in spite of the construction of giant antennas, low angular resolution was prevailing, the introduction of long baseline and very long baseline interferometry and the rapid mastering of sophisticated image reconstruction techniques, have brought on a nearly routine basis high dynamic range images with milliarcseconds resolution. This, of course, has completely changed our views of the radio sky. Because we felt that we are standing on the verge of a comparable revolution for the optical domain, we proposed this Advanced Study Institute. On one side, a small number of advanced research groups around the world is developing and progressively mastering the difficult observation and data reduction techniques needed to reach diffraction-limited images at visible wavelengths. On the other side, a broad conIIllunity of astronomers is willing to be prepared to the rapidly growing importance of this new field. This is particularly true in the context of the new generation of Very Large Telescopes in the 8-10 meter class and of coherently coupled arrays of many optical telescopes. The A.S.I. was attended by 71 persons. The scientific program was organized in four main parts so as to insure a steady progression in the various aspects, as well as a full coverage, of the field. The first lectures were intended to remind of the basic principles in interferometry, image formation, and of the influence of the atmospheric turbulence. Then, a large part of the School was devoted to a detailed survey of the various techniques in modulus and phase estimations eventually leading to image restoration. And three concluding lectures described the technical and scientific prospects for the application of high-angular resolution techniques in astrophysics. Finally, several seminars have been contributed by the participants: they allowed to enlight some particular points and to present new methods and results. As well, posters were exhibited for the whole duration of the School, most of them dealing with the description of instrunlents and projects. A special session, chaired by Antoine Labeyrie, was devoted to the presentation of these posters. All along the School, topical discussions were organized by participants and lecturers "under the olive-tree". A laboratory Michelson interferometer and a small telescope equipped with a Fizeau mask were available for the observation of interference phenomena and Young's fringes. ix x This A.S'!. was organized with the financial support of NATO through its Scientific Affairs Division. We also acknowledge additional funding from the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, the National Science Fundation, the Centre National de la Recherche Scien tifique and the European Space Agency. The planning of the School greatly benefited from the advices of Marie-France Hanseler. The practical organization was under the responsability of Sylvie Gordon, with the help of Jacqueline Plancy and Erica Veia. Finally, we wish to thank all the staff at the Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese for taking in charge with optimum efficiency the local organization of the School. Regarding scientific matters, it is a pleasure to thank Pierre Lena, Steve Ridgway and Gerd Weigelt for their advices. The School was extremely pleasant to attend, thanks to the lively contributions provided by all lecturers and the enthusiastic participation of the students. This friendly and warm atmosphere has been caught in the photographs by Pierre Assus, Fritz Merkle and Yves Rabbia, which illustrate these Proceedings. A special tribute also to Yves Rabbia for his experimental demonstrations and for leading many of us through their first direct experience in astronomical interferometric observations. In the preparation of these Proceedings, our aim was to obtain as llluch as possible an homogeneous presentation of the lectures, especially concerning the problem of notations. We deeply acknowledge all the contributors for the extra work they had to supply. Last, we wish to thank Thierry Baribaud, Michel Faucherre, Didier Pelat and Steve Ridgway for kindly helping us with the technical realization of this volume. Danielle Alloin Jean-Marie Mariotti Car tout ce qui echappe ci La vision des yeux releve de La vision intellectuelle. Hippocrate De l'art, II.[sur DemocriteJ LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ACKER Y. I.N.S.U., 77 avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 PARIS -F ALLARD N. DAMAP, Observatoire de Paris, Section Meudon, 92195 MEUDON Cede x -F ALLOIN D. DAEC, Observatoire de Paris, Section Meudon 92195 MEUDON Cedex -F ASSUS P. O.C.A., CERGA 06460, ST VALLIER DE THIEY-F BATES R. Electrical and Electronic Eng. Dept., University of Canterbury CHRISTCHURCH -N.Z. BECKERS J. E.S.O., Karl-Schwarzschildstr. 2, 8046 GARCHING BEl MUNCHEN -RFA BENSAMMAR S. DASGAL, Observatoire de Paris, Section Meudon, 92195 MEUDON Cedex -F BLACK J. King's College, Dept.of Physics, The Strand, LONDON WC2R 2LS -U.K. BLACKMORE D. Imperial College -Blackett Lab. (Room 1012), Prince Consort Road LONDON SW7 2BZ -U.K. BOUVIER J. Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis, Boulevard Arago, 75014 PARIS -F BURNETT J. Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Room KX01, St Andrews Road GREAT MALVERN, WORCS WR14 3PS -U.K. BURROWS C. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive BALTIMORE, MD 21210 -USA CHATTERJEE S. Indian Institute of Astrophysics, BANGALORE 560034 -INDE CHELLI A. Instituto de Astronomia, UNAM,Apdo. Postal 70-264, 04510 MEXICO -D.F.-M CLAMPIN M. Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University BALTIMORE, MD 21218 -USA CORNWELL T. NRAOIVLA , P.O. Box O,SOCORRO, NM 87801 -USA COUDE du FORESTO V. E.S.O., KarJ-Schwarzschildsstr.2, 8046 GARCHING BEl MUNCHEN-RFA CRUZALEBES P. O.CA, CERGA 06460, ST VALLIER DE THIEY-F xi
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