Differential Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Disease: A Handbook PDF
Preview Differential Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Disease: A Handbook
Differential Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Disease A Handbook Charles V. Pollack, Jr. Editor Differential Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Disease Charles V. Pollack, Jr. Editor Differential Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Disease A Handbook Editor Charles V. Pollack, Jr. Department of Emergency Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA ISBN 978-3-319-63894-2 ISBN 978-3-319-63895-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63895-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019935819 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface This book is intended to be a ready resource and guide for the evaluation of com- mon symptoms and syndromes that originate in the primary cardiopulmonary sys- tem. It should prove particularly useful in the generation of a working differential diagnosis, consideration of diagnostic approach, and initial management decisions. It is not intended to be a comprehensive resource; rather, it follows the classic “emergency medicine approach” of considering first the worst-case scenario, and then exploring other possibilities quickly and efficiently. The image, video, and audio links embedded in the text should help the learner correlate bedside findings with reference material. It is our hope that this guide will streamline the diagnostic approach to patients with “thoracic” complaints and make the learner more confident in his or her skills. The focus of this book is on differential diagnosis, confirmation of diagnosis, and essential steps towards initiating treatment. Therapeutic modalities change more rapidly that diagnostic approach and may have evolved since a specific chapter was completed. Treatment should always be guided by the latest literature, but is founded upon solid diagnostic acumen. Philadelphia, PA, USA Charles V. Pollack, Jr. v Contents 1 Achalasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Christopher J. Rees, Victoria G. Riese, and Charles V. Pollack, Jr. 2 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Victoria G. Riese 3 Acute Coronary Syndrome: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 4 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Unstable Angina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Victoria G. Riese 5 Acute Pericarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 6 Anomalous Coronary Arteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 7 Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 8 Aortic Regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 9 Aortic Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 10 Aspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese vii viii Contents 11 Asthma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 12 Atrial Fibrillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, and Victoria G. Riese 13 Bradyarrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 14 Bronchiectasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 15 Bronchiolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 16 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, Victoria G. Riese, and Jaime Friel Blanck 17 Chest Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 18 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 19 Cor Pulmonale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 20 Costochondritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 21 Cyanide Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 22 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 23 Cystic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 24 Diabetic Ketoacidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 25 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese Contents ix 26 Epiglottitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 27 Esophageal Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 28 Esophagitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 29 Foreign Body Aspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 30 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 31 Goiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 32 Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Victoria G. Riese 33 Hemoptysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 34 Herpes Zoster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 35 Hiatal Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 36 Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 37 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 38 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 39 Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 40 Interstitial Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 41 Ischemic Cardiomyopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Jaime Friel Blanck 42 Kawasaki Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck x Contents 43 Laryngospasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 44 Mallory-Weiss Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 45 Mediastinal Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 46 Mediastinitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 47 Mitral Valve Prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 48 Mitral Valve Regurgitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Jaime Friel Blanck 49 Mitral Valve Stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Jaime Friel Blanck 50 Myocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 51 Neuromuscular Disease: Myasthenia Gravis, Guillain-Barré, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Jaime Friel Blanck 52 Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 53 Peptic Ulcer Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 54 Pericardial Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Jaime Friel 55 Pleural Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 56 Pleurisy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 57 Pneumoconiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese Contents xi 58 Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 59 Pneumothorax (Simple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 60 Pneumothorax (Tension) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 61 Pulmonary Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 62 Pulmonary Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, Victoria G. Riese, and Jaime Friel Blanck 63 Pulmonary Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 64 Radiation Pneumonitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 65 Retropharyngeal Abscess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 66 Sarcoidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973 Christopher J. Rees, Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Victoria G. Riese 67 Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Melissa Platt, Richard M. Cantor, and Jaime Friel Blanck 68 Tachyarrhythmias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Jaime Friel Blanck 69 Tetralogy of Fallot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 70 Thoracic Aortic Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051 Charles V. Pollack, Jr., Richard M. Cantor, and Victoria G. Riese 71 Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081 Richard M. Cantor, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 72 Tracheal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 73 Tracheomalacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109 Christopher J. Rees, Charles V. Pollack, Jr., and Jaime Friel Blanck 74 Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123 Charles V. Pollack, Jr. and Victoria G. Riese
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