Dietary Research and Cancer PDF
Preview Dietary Research and Cancer
Rajesh N. Gacche Dietary Research and Cancer Dietary Research and Cancer Rajesh N. Gacche Dietary Research and Cancer RajeshN.Gacche TumorBiologyLaboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnology SavitribaiPhulePuneUniversity Pune,Maharashtra,India ISBN978-981-16-6049-8 ISBN978-981-16-6050-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6050-4 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedicated to my parents, who besides illiterate had a courage to admit me in ‘School’andmademylifemeaningful......!!! Foreword Great strides of appreciable efforts have been made in decreasing the progression of cancer; however, the global incidence and cancer-related mortality are still substantially increasing across the world. We still have to understand more about the molecular drivers of cancer progression. Sizable volume of research also pin- pointsatthepathophysiologyofcancerwithindividual’slifestyle,physicalactivity, dietaryhabitsandmindset.Owingtotheessentialroleplayedbythesecontributing factors, many National Health Programmes and world reputed organizations have takeninitiativesinprovidingguidance,supportandevidence-basedstrategiesforthe cancer survivors, health service providers and populations for reducing the cancer risk.Infact,suchendeavoursforprovidingevidence-basedstrategicapproachesare more authentic when there is a collaborative network of experts from the area of cancer biology, epidemiology, prevention, public health, policy makers and health serviceproviders,especiallyoncologistsandmedicalprofessionals. The advances in cancer biology research have clearly demonstrated that the progression of tumour growth is closely associated with the supply of nutrients thatareusuallyderivedfromthedietaryinclusionsofthehost.Theseunderstandings vii viii Foreword furtherpavedthewayformodifyingtheindividual’sdietthatmayalterthenutrient availabilityinthetumourmicroenvironmentandmaytargetthemetabolicvulnera- bilitiesofthecancercellsandmightalsoenhancetheefficacyofcancerchemother- apy drugs. Thus, dietary interventions at present represent a promising strategic approachforintegratedmanagementofcancer. Tailoringdietaryapproacheshasremainedoneoftheimportanttreatmentoptions forthemanagementofobesity.Theevolvingliteraturelinksobesitywiththeonsetof diabetes.Thecurrentmolecularunderstandingsshedlightondiabetes-relatedfactors which are associated with risk, progression, mortality and treatment of cancer. At present,diabetesseemstobeaneglectedriskfactorfortheneoplastictransformation and only limited literature is available on their correlation, and perhaps the lack of mechanistic understanding in such comorbid conditions may contribute to higher mortality rates. Owing to glucose addiction of cancer cells, the future research settings have an opportunity to understand the prevalence of hyperglycaemia– cancer.Dietaryinterventionsarealsoknowntomodulatethediabetes-relatedcyto- kinessuchasadiponectin,resistinandleptin.Therecentfindingshaveunravelledthe roleofresistininthedevelopmentofinsulinresistanceunderobesecondition,andit is also linked with a variety of human ailments including cancer. There is equal scientific opportunity for understanding the effect of different dietary patterns on resistinregulationasrecentreportssuggestthatthesecretionofresistininrodentsis stronglyinfluencedbygeneticsaswellasdietaryinterventions. Besides the physiological functions of cholesterol, the dietary sources that con- tain high amounts of cholesterol have been attributed with a variety of human degenerative diseases and disorders like obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes andcancer.Moreprecisely,aseriesofclinicalobservationsrevealedthedynamicsof bloodcholesterollevelsincancerpatients.Thescientificendeavourstowardsunder- standing how the cholesterol is being inscrutably hijacked for the development of malignancy, progression, survival, stemness and metastasis of cancerous cells will beof immenseimportance for modifyingthedietarypatterns andalso for tailoring noveltherapeuticapproachesforthetreatmentofcancer.Ofnote,thedysregulation ofthecholesterolmetabolismhasbeenshowntohampervarioustreatmentstrategies indifferenttypesofhumancancers. Thebook“DietaryResearchinCancer”byProf.RajeshGaccheisalandscapeof information related to “Diet-Cancer” discourse touching multiple facets of diet- related mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cancer progression. Besides the dietary research in a variety of cancers, Prof. Gacche has also taken due care of providingdiet-relatedinformationtocancersurvivors.Thedietaryrecommendations from worldwide cancer-related organizations have been presented in this book, which perhaps will be a ready reference booklet for cancer patients. The book can be an exhaustive resource for the researchers working in the mainstream of “Diet- Nutrition-Cancer”. Several recent advances like the effect of dietary interventions/ patterns on cancer stem cells, oncogenic and tumour suppressor miRNAs, cancer epigenetics, anticancer drugs targets, etc. have been precisely consolidated in this book by citing current literature. Prof. Gacche has also made anattempt topresent Foreword ix clinical evidence-based answers to avarietyofdiet-related questions andillusions. More precisely, the chapters on fasting/calorie restrictions in concert with chemo- therapyefficiency andcancerpreventionclearlyoutlinesthecurrentstateaffairsin cancerprogressionanddiet. I am sure that this book will be a ready reference in providing resourceful informationtotheresearchers,healthcareprofessionals,oncologists,policymakers, cancer survivors, nursing staff and even to general public for maintaining a diet- relatedhealthyprofilewhichperhapswillbeavalueadditiontowardsthemanage- mentofcancer-associatedcomplication.IconveymybestwishestoProf.Gacchefor hisfutureendeavours. NationalCentreforCellScience,Pune, ManojKumarBhat,PhD,FNASc Maharashtra,India Preface Theclinicalreportofcancerdiagnosisisashockingnewsandperhapsfrompatient’s pointofviewisa“DARKDAY”foranyaffectedindividualandhis/herfamilyand relatives. Cancer is a chronic disease and the emotional and physical burden many times be overshadowed by the financial burden incurred by the family of cancer patients.Mostlyindevelopedcountries,amajorpartofthefinancialburdenisshared bythestateagency.Butevenso,thereportsfromthedevelopedcountriesstatethat cancerpatientsandfamilieshavetobearasignificantfinancialloadbesidesseveral functional National policies and plans that are developed to circumvent this issue. Therefore, the word “financial toxicity” has become familiar in the mainstream of cancerchemotherapydrugsowingtotheprogressivehighpricesofnewerclassesof effectiveanticancerdrugs. Apart from the real classical disease-causative factors and physiological imbal- ances, the other factors like social, cultural and economic also contribute signifi- cantlytowardstheonsetandmanagementofavarietyofhumandiseasesincluding cancer. Diet and nutritionhave remained an importantpart ofcancer management. Availability of appropriate kinds of foods to cancer patients during and after the cancer treatmenthasbeenproved tobehelpfulineffectivemanagement ofcancer. Seriesofdietandnutrition-related questionsraisedbycancersurvivorsarewaiting tobeaddressedscientifically.Dietandnutritionalrecommendationsandguidelines suggestedbyworldwideagenciesareeitherinconsistentorlackthemechanisticand rigorous clinical evidence. Patient-oriented and cancer-specific dietary recommen- dationsarelimited. Moreover,theimpactofdietaryrecommendationsisnoteffec- tive owing to moderate interest of clinical oncologists in diet and nutritional interventions. The evolving preclinical and clinical research suggests that the sur- vival of cancer patients is closely associated with dietary interventions, pattern of diet and role of dietary ingredients in the pathophysiology of cancer progression. Thecancer survivorshavealtered physiologyowingtotheseriousside effects and off-targettoxicitiesofchemo-andradiotherapyregimes.Moreover,thetoxiceffects of therapeutic regimes are more devastating and worst in malnourished or under- nourished cancer survivors; therefore, the convincing dietary and nutrition guide- lines before, during and after treatment needs to be formulated in concert with xi xii Preface different typesofcancerandpathophysiologyofcancerprogression.Inthecurrent state-of-the-art, while maintaining the healthy status of cancer patients through healthy diet, it is important to consider whether the dietary interventions have any roletoplayintheframeworkoftumour/cancermetabolismandtherebyaffectingthe cancer landscape by modulating a variety of molecular underpinnings like cell proliferating signalling pathways, epigenetic factors, metastasis, cancer stem cells, tumoursuppressororoncogenicmiRNAs,andinteractionwithavarietyofantican- cerdrugtargets. Theadvancesinpreclinicalandclinical researchhavecrossedthe general notion of “eat healthy–be fit–reduce cancer risk” and a new paradigm of evidence-basedpersonalizeddietaryinterventionsareevolving.Overall,thedietand nutrition management is coming up as a complementary or adjuvant therapeutic approachfor theeffective amelioration ofcancer.Till date, FDAhasnotapproved anydietaryinterventionforcancerprevention.Oncologists,clinicians,dieticiansand professional cancer care taker teams are expected to encourage evidence-based dietary recommendations for cancer survivors. This book offers an updated infor- mationanddiscourseaboutvariousdimensionsofdietaryresearchincancersuchas comparative profile of dietary recommendations by National and International agencies, frequently asked diet and nutrition-related questions by the cancer survi- vorsandpossibleanswers,prosandconsofdietarypatterns,outcomeofdiet-related clinical trials, emerging framework of molecular mechanisms and interactions of dietary interventions and their applications in personalized diet, ground realities of benefits and regulatory framework for functional foods, nutraceuticals and supple- mentsincancerpreventionandupcomingfutureprospectusindiet-cancerresearch. An elaborative discourse on cancer and fasting (including calorie restriction and fasting mimicking diet)hasbeendescribed with possible answers toquestions like can calorie restriction help fight cancer? Does it improve the therapeutic index of anticancerdrugsandimmunosurveillance?Istherevalidclinicalevidenceoffasting/ calorie restriction/fasting mimicking diet-driven improvements in overall survival, chemotherapy efficacy and drug toxicity? Looking forward, the most upcoming discoursemaybetoinvestigatethedynamicinterplaybetweendietaryinterventions and cancer microbiome. There is ample research opportunity to understand the cancer-specific role of human microbiome. Moreover, the future research opportu- nities in understanding the role of dietary intervention in improving cancer immunosurveillance may be useful in integrating these nonpharmacological regi- menswithcancerimmunetherapy. Ihopetheinformationdescribedinthisbookmayserveasareferenceguideline for oncologist, physicians, health cares, food industry, cancer care takers, nursing and other stockholders while designing the treatment strategies for the effective managementofcancer. Pune,Maharashtra,India RajeshN.Gacche
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